The Mind Brain Identity Theory - 1689 Words

In the article â€Å"The Nature of Mental States† Hillary Putnam presents a compelling argument that dealt a â€Å"considerable blow† to the Mind-Brain Identity Theory—a theory developed by J.C.C Smart—in which he [Putnam] stated â€Å"mental states are multiply realizable.† His argument is driven by functionalism. His functionalist account of mental states like pain differs from what is explained by the Mind-Brain Identity Theory. In turn, he also avoids the issue of multiple realizability, an issue that was proven to be problematic for the Identity Theory. This leads into John Searle s argument against Strong Artificial Intelligence with his Chinese Room thought experiment in â€Å"Minds, Brains, and Programs†. Searle believed that mere functional competence was not sufficient for having a mind, placing functionalism into question. The Mind-Brain Identity Theory is a physicalistic theory, by J.C.C Smart, that states mental processes and sta tes of the mind and the mental processes and states of the brain are one and the same. Emotions and sensations [mental states] are simply brain states and processes or neurological events. Hillary Putnam s argument is where the theory of functionalism is introduced. This is the theory of the nature of mental states. This theory differs from the Mind-Brain Identity Theory, objecting its foundational claims. (I.1) According to functionalism, mental states are determined by what they do, rather than what they are made of. For example, a writing utensil isShow MoreRelatedThe Mind Brain Identity Theory1096 Words   |  5 Pagesof the mind have been made for and against, whether or not the mind and the brain are the same entity. The mind-brain identity theory is the view that the mind is the brain and that mental states are brain states (Mandik 77). Therefore, we can identify sensations and other mental processes with physical brain processes (Blutner 4). I argue, that the mind is not id entical to the brain, and the conceivable idea of zombies, as well as the multiple realizability argument, can disprove this theory. InRead MoreThe Mind Brain Identity Theory1371 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy October 29, 2015 In this paper, I will argue that the Mind-Brain Identity Theory provides sufficient grounds to accept Epicurus’ argument for death being annihilation. I will argue my thesis by referring to Peter Carruthers’ The Mind Is the Brain to establish that one’s mental states are in fact brain states and will also refer to Epicurus’ Death is Nothing to Us. Next, I will explain that if one accepts the Identity Theory then one should also accept, as Epicurus argues, that death shouldRead MoreThe Mind / Brain Identity Theory1718 Words   |  7 PagesA person relates to the world through different mental and corporeal experiences. The former is associated with one having a (non-physical) mind, which contains beliefs, desires, feelings and so on, while the latter involves having a (physical) brain. The Mind/Body problem questions whether the mind and brain are the same or different objects. For a long time, the interpretation of these experiences has been much debated by philosophers and scientists. One influential interpretation is Descartes’sRead MoreThe Mind Brain Identity Theory Essay1977 Words   |  8 Pages The mind is a complex myriad of thoughts and psychological systems that even philosophers today cannot entirely grapple. It is composed of the senses, feelings, perceptions, and a whole series of other components. However, the mind is often believed to be similar or even the same as the brain. This gives rise to the mind-brain identity theory, and whether there exists a clear distinction between the physical world and the non-material mind. In this paper, I will delineate the similarities and differencesRead MoreThe Mind Body Identity Theory1668 Words   |  7 Pagesnature of a human person; this has lead to various theories and speculation about the nature of the human mind and body. The question they are tying to answer is whether a human being is made of only the physical, body and brain, or both the physical or the mental, mind. In this paper I will focus on the mind-body Identity Theory to illustrate that it provides a suitable explanation for the mind and body interaction. Identity Theory Identity theorists hold the view that the mental events are nothingRead MoreThe Theory And Identity Theory, And Deal With The Multiple Realisability Argument1690 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinitive solution is yet to be found that universally satisfies the problem of mind brain identity. The most logical answer comes in the form of monism. Therefore in this paper I will argue that the mind and the brain are identical, as the mind exists only as a property of the brain. David Lewis and D.M Armstrong give support for the causal relationship between mind and brain states in the form of the identity theory, and deal with the multiple realisability argument provided by Hillary Putman. GottlobRead MoreUsing Material From Smart And Armstrong1378 Words   |  6 Pageshoc basis I will attempt first, explain what â€Å"Mental states are identical to physical brain states† means in philosophical context. Second, I will explain the motivations of the type-identity thesis (Occam s Razor, and explanation of the casual efficiency of mental states) using material from Smart and Armstrong. Third, I will go onto examining type-identity thesis merits (how it solves Descartes problem of mind and body and how it allows us to derive the casual role of mental phenomena) and drawbacksRead MoreThe Brain And Mind Identity1608 Words   |  7 Pagesis more mysterious than the human mind but without the brain how do you have a mind? The brain sends and receives information by electrical impulses around the human body allowing us to see, move, feel, hear and think. If the brain is removed from the human body these impulses will cease, thus there will be no mind. Philosophers like Place, Smart, and Armstrong support this claim through the notion of identify theory and type physicalism. Brain and mind identity is a very controversial topic withRead MoreThe Identity Theory Of Mind1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe development of the Identity Theory of Mind is representative of materialist p hilosophy’s shift towards questions of human consciousness. Within philosophical and scientific circles, discussions of the mind and body have supplanted discussions of what constitutes the world around us. Staggering technological innovation, alongside the establishment of superior of scientific research methodologies, has given rise to this philosophical trend – Identity Theory is, indeed, the culmination of this trendRead MorePhilosophy Of Rene Descartes860 Words   |  4 Pagesstems another critical part of his philosophy which states that the mind and the body are two separate substances. This concept is called dualism. Minds are indestructible and indivisible. Bodies are destructible and divisible (Searle, 2004). Descartes claims that the mind and the body are connected in the sense that the body is an extension of the mind. Moreover, the reduction of consciousness to a bodily state is impossible. The mind, according Descartes, is able to exist on its, own separ ate from

Cultural Profile - Japan - 1331 Words

Japan Cultural Profile: Japan Alejandra Valencia-Gomez Student ID: 958609 Cross Cultural Communication, Section B Professor Gibson Tuesday 15 November, 2011 When entering a guest country, customs are not exactly, or nowhere near, the same as what they are back home. However, there are always general guidelines to aid your time in your welcoming country. For example, in Japan avoiding confrontation is essential. The Japanese will often withhold from expressing their true feelings in order to maintain harmony. Secondly, relationships are vital, although they may take years to develop. The foundation of relationships, mainly in business, is trust. When doing business, it is good to have some kind of general knowledge about the†¦show more content†¦Hierarchy is key - age equals rank, as Japan is a vertical society. If by any means an individual disagrees with someone above them in the corporate ladder, this should be discussed in private to avoid loss of face. However, disagreements are not the only way of ‘losing face’; making errors and having to admit to them are equally humiliating. The risk of upsetting another pa rty must be avoided by abstaining from using the word no or implying displeasure. Conflict management in Japan is both institutionalised and behavioural, involving avoidance, compromising, obliging, integrating, and group dominance. The most used conflict management technique is avoidance. This is achieved through triad management, created by three individuals to help manage a situation indirectly. The third party usually insists for both parties to abandon the conflict in order to â€Å"save face† 2. Obliging, also known as conflict acceptance, is influenced by Buddhist beliefs. Domination, on the other hand, is â€Å"contrary to the nature of the Japanese†3 Through time, the Japanese have developed a very conservative attitude towards corporate failure. A company that Japanese men work for can affect their lives, i.e. when considering a possible mate, housing options and a child s school; â€Å"education is a status symbol, especially if obtained from a well-known institution.†4 Notice I have not yet focused on a woman’s role in business as, unlike in the Western world, female-decision makersShow MoreRelatedWhy Is eBay Having Trouble in Asian Markets?648 Words   |  3 Pageselsewhere, the Internet action website eBay floundered in Japan and was eventually forced to pull out of the nation entirely, closing its operations. This might seem surprising, given the Japanese cultural fascination with collectibles, spanning from PokÃÆ' ©mon cards to Pez dispenser. Japanese are well-known fans of collectibles think PokÃÆ' ©mon, Hello Kitty, and Mickey Mouse that are perfect fodder for the online-auction experience (How Yahoo! Japan beat eBay at its own game, 2001, Business Week). HoweverRead MoreEssay on International Marketing Case Study Starbucks Going Fast757 Words   |  4 PagesUncontrollable elements effecting Starbucks are competitive structures, domestic and international, varying levels of technology and cultural differences. Starbucks encountered revised incomes with the economic downturns of recent and it quickly realized that its gourmet product was among the first to be cut out of tightening budgets. The political, economic and cultural issues in foreign countries can be sudden and therefore, uncontrollable elements that should be taken into consideration and monitoredRead MoreIntroduction. In An Organization, There Are Various Factors1598 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious factors that hinder the performance of the employees since most of these individuals come from different cultural backgrounds. Some employees have negative attitudes and this creates problems that make it difficult for them to work together. All this will influence the team and sales performance. Some of these problems come from ineffective communication among the employees, cultural differences and a lack of understanding of the values from Americans and Japanese alike and the way they perceiveRead MoreUs And Japan Business : A Culture Of Progress1575 Words   |  7 PagesUS and Japan Business: A Culture in Progress While many of the world’s economic powers seem similar, there is no doubt there are some very key differences. Many of these differences can be attributed to cultural differences within each of the countries. While many of these countries work together in global business efforts, cultural differences would certainly have a significant impact on management style, leadership and even work ethic of the employees. The United States and Japan are both strongRead MoreKirin1619 Words   |  7 PagesYokohama, Japan is the largest beer in Japan today. It is also the fourth largest beer firm in the world; however, almost half of its’ market share in 1990 was in Japan. Competitor Asahi entered the market with a super dry beer in 1987 unsettling the field. This new concept of a sharper, less sweet beer with a higher alcohol content appealed to heavy beer drinkers and was very successful in the Japanese market. Asahi overcame Sapporo rising to the title of number three brewer i n Japan. Kirin’sRead MorePS4 Situational Analysis1358 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION: Sony is a Japan based company that operates in over 180 countries worldwide. (Company Profile for Sony Corporation, 2011) Sony was co-founded by Masaru Ibuka and Aki Miruta in 1946 and since then has grown into an international multimillion dollar company (Sony Corporation, 2014). Ibuka and Miruta originally started out manufacturing measuring equipment (Sony Corporation, 2014), and have expanded into more complex technological solutions, such as laptops, gaming consoles, and communicationsRead MoreJapan s Impact On Japan1639 Words   |  7 Pages Japan Japan was one of the first Asia countries to get themselves into the trade sector in 1868. They were a part of a trade routes that included Southeast and East Asia. Then by the sixteenth century they started trading with Western Countries. Japan and Western Countries found it hard to work with one another due to difference in religion. This began to limit the foreign trade between the two countries. Then when China became weaken by the trade industry, Western Countries found Japan to beRead MoreStarbucks Global Strategy941 Words   |  4 Pagesglobal products. Starbucks created extensive consumer taste profile analyses that are sufficiently perceptive to enable them to change with the market and to create an attractive East-meets-West product mix. Moreover, the localization effort done by Starbucks is sufficiently flexible to permit each store to have the flexibility to choose from a wide beverage portfolio. The first Starbucks location outside North America opened in Tokyo and Japan in 1996 through joint ventures and licensing arrangementsRead MoreA Guide For Conducting Business Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness in Japan Abstract This paper analyses the various aspects of Japanese culture. It describes the differences and distinctiveness of Japanese culture. The main objective of this paper is to understand how Japanese conduct their business. Then the culture of Japan is analyzed according to the models suggested by Edward Hall, Hofstede.In the end there is a cultural profile which guides an American while dealing with Japanese during any business. Due to the technical advancement in Japan many countriesRead MoreRhetorical Analysis, Mickey Mouse962 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis 10 February 2013 In the article The Masks of Mickey Mouse, Robert Brockway explains how Mickey Mouse was one of the most important cultural symbols during the twentieth century. The article discusses how mickey mouse went from being a slap stick cartoon character like all other animated personalities and grew into a much more complicated being. He was the sign of hope and escape during the depression and evolved even more into the dominating avatar of Disney itself. Brockway

Postbellum Reconstruction Essay Example For Students

Postbellum Reconstruction: Essay Postbellum Reconstruction: Essay Immediate Success, Long Term Failure by Thesis Both the presidency and Congress passed several reforms to attempt to solve all of these problems, however the progress that was made during Reconstruction was for the most part shot down by the Compromise of 1877. Outline of the Contents I. IntroThesis II. Condition of the South Immediately Following the Civil War III. The Presidential Reconstruction Plan IV. The Congressional Reconstruction Plan V. Economic Reform VI. Social Strife VII. Conclusion VIII. Bibliography When General Lee surrendered to the Union army in the Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865, the period of Reconstruction began. The Civil War had settled the issue of slavery and the question of states rights, but several problems remained in the torn nation. First, the Union had to be successfully reunited and control of the Southern states governments had to be nurtured back to the national consensus. Second, the South was in a social chaos. Southerners spirits had been broken by the war, and the pervasive issue of racism still had to be addressed. Newly emancipated slaves were without refuge, had little education, and their economic status was uncertain. Third, the South was in economic shambles: all of the wealth invested in slaves was gone, plantations lay in ruins, and railroads and cities were torn to shreds by the Union army. Both the presidency and Congress passed several reforms to attempt to solve all of these problems, however the progress that was made during Reconstruction was for the most part shot down by the Compromise of 1877. The Civil War left the South in ruins. Once beautiful plantations were torn apart, and cities were burnt to the ground. Economic investment in banks, factories, or any other business were squandered, mostly due to General Shermans march. Transportation was completely disrupted, and the entire economy of the South essentially came to a halt. Most devastating to the Souths economic problems was the loss of billions in economic of slaves, which were wiped away by emancipation. Southerners were bitter, some were homeless, and Union troops occupied the South as it would a conquered territory. Yet somehow, a feeling of loyalty to the Union had to be restored among Southerners. President Lincoln made it his goal to restore the Union as quickly as possible. On December 9,1863, he proclaimed the war was a rebellion of individuals, and that the states had never actually seceded. Therefore, he offered pardon to any adherents of the Confederacy who would take the oath to support the Constitution of the United States, and the union of the States thereunder. Under the condition that ten percent of the voters in a rebelling state should take this oath and slavery be abolished, a state government could be established and it would be readmitted into the Union. President Lincolns plan was very lenient towards the South, but it did ensure a quick restoration of the Union. This plan, however, angered the radical Republicans, the majority in Congress. Radical Republicans were very unsympathetic toward the South, not only wanting the restoration of the Union and the abolition of slavery, but also guaranteed protection for the freedmen. They also aimed to retain their majority in Congress, and to punish the South for the havoc it created. Under the presidential plan, Southerners could vote Democratic and restore power to ex-Confederates and other wealthy Southern whites, therefore rendering the war meaningless to the radical Republicans. To oppose the presidential plan, Congress passed the Wade-Davis bill on July 2, 1864. This bill called for significant reconstruction in the rebelling states by intrusting the reconstruction of a state not to a minority ready for future loyalty, but to a majority whose Unionism was a matter of past conduct. Social Work Environment Essay Specifically, if a majority of voters swore allegiance to the Union, a convention of loyal persons would be responsible to draw up a new state constitution. However, no one who had held office or had fought under the Confederacy would be permitted to vote or serve as a delegate to a state constitutional convention. The new state constitution must abolish slavery (ratify the Thirteenth Amendment), discard the debts of the Confederacy, and entail that no ex-Confederate may vote or hold office. Lincoln vetoed the Wade-Davis bill, but gave Southern states the option of selecting .

What is the role and function of the Inspector in JB Priestleys An Inspector Calls Essay Example For Students

What is the role and function of the Inspector in JB Priestleys An Inspector Calls Essay An Inspector Calls written by J. B Priestley, is set in 1912 and was written in 1945. In the play the Inspector appears to be very plain, dull and straightforward wearing a dark suit, and is rather sinister and suspicious. He, on his appearance, has a huge sense of massiveness to him, and has the authority to control and pull out information from his suspects through his persuasive techniques. The Inspector has a sense of fear and trouble about him, which helps create a tense atmosphere. The Inspector represents central concerns and themes throughout the play through his image of law and justice in the play. This sense of feeling about him in the play to the audience shows that he is looked up to, and maybe is considered as being rather powerful. He also acts in a way of making the characters think about their conscience. This also adds tension to the characters and the audience, as this is also a sign of authority and control. We will write a custom essay on What is the role and function of the Inspector in JB Priestleys An Inspector Calls specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It may also show that he is omniscient, and is a god or spirit like figure, which may explain why his name is Inspector Goole, as the writer has used play on words, as the word Ghoul defines as a spirit. The Inspector also uses his role to make the characters feel collective responsibility, as the makes all the characters feel guilty for Eva Smiths death through gathering information and by telling the story his own way, which is his role in the play. He gains control when he leaves the play as, at first one of the characters; Mr Birling expresses his opinions on society by saying the way some of these cranks talk and write now, youd think everybody has to look after everybody else, as if we were all mixed up together like bees in a hive-community and all that nonsense. This tells us that before meeting the Inspector, the characters are narrow-minded, and are all individualists, who also think that a man has to mind his own business and look after his own. This speech given by Mr Birling, shows that the characters as a whole are very arrogant, and think highly of themselves. This speech was also interrupted upon the arrival of the Inspector, which also shows his power and control, as he was able to end this inequitable speech on individualism. Because of the interruption, this shows that the Inspector was able to undermine Birlings views, or philosophy on life, which again shows the power and control that the Inspector has. He also is has the role of sending out moral views of social life, and is a type of warning teaching them not to be egotistic, and to think of how the rest of the society lives. The Inspector operates as a dramatic device through the dramatic structure of the play, by moving the story forwards at his own pace, choosing when to get information and how he ends each act or scene. The Inspector chooses when to gather his information by questioning each character once at a time, and in a specific order, as when Eric wishes to be questioned early, the Inspector replies sharply No, I cant do that yet. Im sorry, but hell have to wait. This shows that the inspector knows what he is doing, and is rather forceful in getting what he wants. When he firstly starts questioning Mr Birling about a woman who died, which opens the story and also tells the story to the audience and to all the characters, which may mean that he does not specifically tell Birling, as he is not the only one to blame, and also tells the audience, as they may also listen openly to the story, to learn the moral that the Inspector maybe starting, to teach everyone at this point. He opens with Birling, and tells him what he has done to cause her death, but does not specifically point out that he was the only one to blame. But at this point, he still signifies to the audience that he may also find other reasons for her death through the other characters, as he rather shrewdly answers to Birlings son in law Gerald that there might be a reason for him to get involved in this investigation. This also gets the audience and the other characters thinking of what the Inspector may possibly say to Gerald. This creates a sense of dramatic tension to both characters and the audience. .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db , .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db .postImageUrl , .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db , .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db:hover , .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db:visited , .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db:active { border:0!important; } .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db:active , .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc20ee1cc480d942dd64e6a02763663db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Christmas Carol EssayThe Inspector also gets Birling, once told this news of how he was partly to blame for Eva Smiths death, thinking of what he has done, and causing him to move restlessly and become impatient. He also when he questions the characters, is very direct in his speech, and whilst explaining events which took place, without sympathy for the subject. He also makes the characters feel very compelled to answer him, and feel that he makes you do it. This also show that the Inspector is in charge, and also the quote We all started like that-so confident, so pleased with ourselves until he began asking questions. This also shows that the Inspector is in charge of the story, and has power. His role of making the characters think about their conscience begins to start work after questioning Mr Birling, as that is when he proceeds in telling the rest of the story. From his ways of extracting information, he only lets the audience know certain things of the story from each person at a time which creates dramatic tension to the audience, which is caused deliberately by the Inspector. He also creates tension at the ends of acts to create a cliff-hanger, such as at the end of Act one, he end with a question; Well. This ambiguous ending, causes questions to arise in the minds of the audience, as they know that something is going to happen due to a sudden ending of an act, but they do not know what the Inspector is going to reveal next. This creates dramatic tension for the audience and with the characters as the Inspector begins to reveal more on the characters, and makes them feel much guilt. He also has a very direct way of speaking, and makes the characters feel concerned and intimidated when he speaks. He also makes the characters answer his questions to what he wants to hear. In fact, in a kind of way, you might be said to have been jealous of her. This quote shows that the Inspector has asked a question to Shelia, where he wants her to answer what he wants to hears, and is not really expecting anything else. This makes the audience feel tense, and realise that he is rather omniscient and is maybe speaking as their conscience. This makes the audience also agree with the characters and with the Inspector. The Inspector also creates dramatic tension in the play through many ways. Through his appearance, his dark suit and large hat covering his face creates tension due to the connotations, of darkness, as his suit gives a sense danger, and is a type of threat to the audience and the characters. The Inspector also creates tension as his large hat covering his face hides his identity from the characters and the audience, which again creates dramatic tension and fear as it gives a sense of unknowing and suspicion to the audience and characters. He shows dramatic tension when he rather intimidates Birling, when he says If youre easy with me, Im easy with you. This shows the Inspectors massiveness and great power and authority. Upon hearing this, both the audience and the characters see that the Inspector is rather forceful and tough. The audience and the characters also feel tense, when they see the Inspectors hard long stares at the characters. This creates dramatic tension with the characters and with audience, as they can see the tense atmosphere created by the Inspector in the play, as it creates discomfort and tension for the characters. The Inspector also creates irony when questioning Mrs Birling as he deliberately asks her questions on the death of Eva Smith which involved her son, but the Inspector wanted Mrs Birling to air her views on what should happen to the father of Evas baby, before telling her that her son Eric was the father. This creates irony as whatever Mrs Birling said, in her mind, was not supposed to be for anyone in her family or for anyone she knew, but of someone who is of a lower class then her. This shows that she is prejudice, and hypocritical, as she does not want her son to shown up, as it concerns her. This is the Inspectors role as well, as he begins to make the characters think of what they have said, and help them realise that it is wrong, and the Inspector is maybe again speaking through the voice of the characters conscience, making them realise what they have done. The Inspectors role in helping the characters, and the effect he has on the characters is shown through after he leaves. You and I arent the same people who sat down to dinner here. Wed have to start all over again, getting to know each other .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2 , .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2 .postImageUrl , .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2 , .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2:hover , .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2:visited , .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2:active { border:0!important; } .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2:active , .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2 .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u976c8d55856c2bbc7a6bda4af363baa2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay On Responsibility An Inspector CallsFrom this quote, we see that Sheila has seen the purpose for why the Inspector chose to visit them. From the Inspectors final speech in the play, Sheila, along with Eric as well, have noticed that the role of the Inspector, which was to help the Birlings realise that one Eva Smith has gone-but there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us, with their lives, their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of happiness, all intertwined with our lives, and what we think and say and do. The Inspector tells the characters and the audience that there are many neglected people in society, and people who are not noticed, due to their status in society such as Eva Smith, and treatment like how the Birlings neglected her, consequently ends in pain and misfortune. His final speech explains all his themes, and informs the message of help and change to the society, through his role as the Inspector, and creates a pause for thought in the audiences minds. His effect on Shelia and Eric is rather successful, as his role in making them think of their actions towards vulnerable or lower class citizens has been successful, as the quote You and I arent the same people who sat down to dinner here earlier shows, that she has realised that they are rather immoral people, who do not accept society as a whole. The Inspector however fails to change the views of Mr and Mrs Birling. They do not any remorse for after events. There social standing prevented them from helping Eva Smith even though it was due to them that she ended up the way she did. The power of their money and status enabled them not to be affected by any of the problems she had suffered because of them as the quotes, I was almost certain for a knighthood in the next Honours List and Id give thousands-yes, thousands, shows that his social status seems to be more imperative then a death of a young woman, caused by their inconsiderate behaviour. The Inspector helps their children realise their role in society, and their role in the death by his questioning. They accept this in the end but believe their parents should also acknowledge responsibility. He helps them realise that they have an equal part in society, and that they are not any superior then the next Eva Smith. At the end of the play, the Inspectors role and function has effected the audience of 1945 by informing them of society in 1912. These dates are significant as they both have historical backgrounds which effect both societies. At the time when the play was set in 1912, as this was a time were the caste system was around, and when there were hardly any equal rights for men and women, as women were classed as house wives, and men as the providers and bosses of the family. As it was set at the time before the First World War, Priestleys moral to that audience is to tell them that as the Birlings, and the upper class people need to change their views, and as the First World War followed, he is trying to tell that they will learn through fire and blood and anguish which represents war. He tries to tell them that we are members of one body and that society is one. He also shows significance through when the play was written, in 1945 to the audience, that due to failing in learning from their first mistakes, in which the consequences was the First World War, has now resulted in bringing the Second World War. Priestleys main message in the play, is telling all of society that we are members of one body, and that whatever we may do to others in society, affects everyone else.

3 Easy Ways to Add Social Share Buttons to WordPress

If you are looking to add social share buttons to WordPress, you will quickly find there are a dizzying number of plugins to help you accomplish the task. So how do you choose the best solution for you?In this article, well look at three impressive WordPress plugins:JetpackOrbit Fox CompanionSocial PugEach of these options will enable you to add social share buttons to WordPress that are beautiful and stylish. However, each tools functionality varies, all providing an array of different display features. Therefore, well also try to draw out some differences so that you can pick the plugin thats right for you. Jetpack by WordPress.com Author(s): AutomatticCurrent Version: 7.8Last Updated: October 1, 2019jetpack.7.8.zip 78%Ratings 145,415,907Downloads WP 5.1+Requires Jetpack is an extremely popular WordPress plugin, originally created by Automattic for WordPress.com websites. While Jetpack offers a bunch of different functionality, the Sharing  module allows you to easily ad d social share buttons to WordPress and your blog posts, so readers can quickly share your content on their social media channels.Currently, Jetpack supports:TwitterFacebookGoogle+PinterestLinkedInTumblrmany more networksHere is an example of Jetpacks attractive sharing buttons, though you can always choose a different style:Like the look of these buttons? Read on to find out how to install Jetpack and set up the Sharing module on your WordPress website.Installing JetpackTo install the Jetpack plugin, select Plugins → Add New from your WordPress menu.Type Jetpack into the search function and then select Install Now → Activate.You will now be asked to connect your website to WordPress.com to enable Jetpack to work on your site. To do so you will need to register with WordPress.com, or simply log in if you already have a WordPress.com account.Next, you will be asked to Approve  the syncing of your website with WordPress.com.Once connected, click the  Start for Freeà ‚  button to continue (you dont need to pay for the Sharing functionality).  You will now be returned to your website where you will find a Jetpack menu has been added to your WordPress dashboard.Activating Sharing ButtonsTo activate sharing buttons, navigate to Jetpack → Settings → Sharing.Here, under Sharing buttons, turn on the Add sharing buttons to your posts  button.Next, from your WordPress menu, select Settings → Sharing.Under Sharing Buttons, drag the services appropriate to your website into the Enabled Services  box. There is also the option of hiding services behind a generic share button.Further down the page, you can:Modify the look and position of your sharing buttonsAlter the button styleChange the labelingDecide whether you want your buttons displayed on posts, pages, homepage, and/or mediaOnce youve made some selections, you can check your changes under Live Preview  to see if they work with your websites design.Once finished, select Sa ve Changes  at the bottom of the page.Is Jetpack Sharing the right plugin for you?As you can see Jetpack buttons are extremely easy to add to your WordPress website. But is Jetpack for you? Here are some reasons Jetpack is the right choice for you.Youre interested in one of the many other modules that Jetpack offersYou want access to more niche sharing websites like Pocket and SkypeNow, lets have a look at the second option to add social share buttons to WordPressOrbit Fox Companion Orbit Fox by ThemeIsle Author(s): ThemeisleCurrent Version: 2.8.10Last Updated: September 13, 2019themeisle-companion.zip 94%Ratings 4,283,244Downloads WP 4.7+Requires The free Orbit Fox Companion  plugin, created by us here at ThemeIsle, incorporates a number of modules focused on enhancing your WordPress websites functionality. Social Media Share Buttons  is one of these modules, enabling you to add beautiful buttons to your blog.Orbit Fox provides over 20 social buttons for you to choose from and add to your WordPress website. You can take control over your sharing buttons, selecting their position on screen, and turning them on and off depending on the device being used to view your website. This is an example of Orbit Fox Companions sharing buttons†¦If these buttons appeal to you, then heres how to set them upSetting Up Orbit Fox CompanionTo get started, open your WordPress dashboard and install Orbit Fox Companion (this plugin can be installed in the same way as the Jetpack plugin or any other plugin).Once installed, you will find Orbit Fox in your WordPress menu under Orbit Fox . Here, under Available Modules, activate the Social Sharing Module.Configuring Sharing ButtonsScroll down the page and you will find the Social Sharing Module under Activated Modules Options.Here, you can configure the sharing buttons.Customizations include opting to display the sharing buttons on the right or left side of desktop and mobile devices, and whether to show each netwo rks name when users hover over a button.You can then choose which social buttons to activate and decide if you want to display the buttons on desktop, mobile, or both. Remember to click Save at the bottom of the page, before checking out how your sharing buttons look on the front end of your website.Is Orbit Fox Companion the right plugin for you?Here are some reasons to choose Orbit Fox Companion over the other options:You want the ability to turn your share buttons on or off depending on a users device (e.g. turn them off for smartphones)Youre interested in some of the other features offered by Orbit Fox CompanionYou want access to niche social networks like Reddit, WhatsApp, and moreBut before you make a final decision we have one plugin left to exploreSocial Share Buttons Social Pug Social Sharing Buttons Social Pug Author(s): DevPups, Mihai IovaCurrent Version: 1.6.2Last Updated: September 30, 2019social-pug.zip 96%Ratings 872,900Downloads WP 3.1+Requires The last Wor dPress plugin we are going to look at is Social Pug. This free plugin adds customizable social sharing buttons to your WordPress blog.It supports five networks:FacebookTwitterGoogle+LinkedInPinterestAnd buttons can be placed before and/or after a blog post, as well as in a floating sidebar that follows your visitors as they scroll down the page.If you decide to use Social Pug to display sharing buttons on your WordPress website, this is an example of what the final effect will look likeSo lets find out how to add Social Pug to your site†¦Adding Social Pug Sharing ButtonsInstall and activate the Social Pug plugin. Then select Social Pug → Toolkit from your WordPress menu.Next, choose whether you would like sharing buttons as Inline Content  or as a Floating Sidebar. Activate your preference and then click on Settings.Here you can customize your buttons to suit your sites needs. Under Inline Content, click on Social Networks and then on Select Networks. Then choose the s ocial media platforms you would like to display sharing icons for.You can alter the shape, position, and spacing of your buttons, choose to display them on mobile devices, and much more. Once you have completed the necessary alterations, select Save Changes. Then preview your new buttons on the live side of your site.Is Social Pug the right plugin for you?Here are some reasons to choose Social Pug:You want to display the share count for each network (how many times users have shared the post on each network)You want to change the labels on your share buttonsJust remember Social Pug has the shortest list of supported networks. You only get the five major networks, whereas the other two plugins offer a much wider selection.Final thoughts on social share buttonsThe plugin you choose for your WordPress website will very much depend on your sites needs. Consider things like:Whether the buttons match the style of your site and appeal to your audienceWhether you can customize the buttonsW here you can position the buttonsIf the plugin supports all the social networks that are relevant to your businessDont worry if you are having trouble making a decision on which plugin is best for you. As all of the plugins are free to install and extremely quick and easy to set up, you can try them all out before settling on a favorite.How will you add social share buttons to WordPress which plugin has caught your eye? Please share your thoughts in the comments below 3 different ways to add #social #share buttons to #WordPress

Top 5 Best Pieces of Advice from Elon Musk

Top 5 Best Pieces of Advice from Elon Musk Elon Musk is a man of the future. Born in South Africa, he’s an inventor, entrepreneur, investor, and visionary- now a hugely successful businessman and leader. You’d hardly think to look at him that he was bullied in school, a product of divorce, and raised thousands of miles away from centers of global commerce. His computer skills and interests, however, took him to college in Canada, and then towards the founding of a software company called Zip2 with his brother Kimbal. Musk used the profits from that sale to co-found X.com, which, together with Confinity, would later become PayPal.Since then, he’s founded SpaceX to advance rocket technology for future space travel. This company has only grown while NASA has been stymied with budget cuts. In 2008, he took over leadership of Tesla Motors, which is now a leading automotive innovator. He also is responsible for Solar City, in an effort to combat global warming by reducing emissions through solar energy innovati on.He’s worth over $12.5 billion and still isn’t done. Remember, this is the guy who taught himself to code in only three days. What can you learn from him for your own career inspiration?1. Have a goal.Don’t just make your goal to â€Å"make a lot of money† or â€Å"get promoted to X.† Have a goal that’s both compelling and meaningful. Figure out how to make things better, or to do something significant. If the company or product doesn’t exist yet, be on the forefront of making it real.2. Seek criticism.Don’t be delusional and think you and your ideas are infallible. Get as much feedback as you possibly can from people you trust. Make sure you keep examining yourself to make sure you truly believe in your ideals and aren’t just after some unrealistic dream for the wrong reasons. Be gracious when someone tells you to rethink one aspect of your plans.3. Don’t spread yourself too thin.Don’t try to run multipl e empires or companies. Concentrate on doing one thing, or building one company at a time, and giving that project your all. On the other hand, you should be working harder and longer than everybody else. That’s how you get more done in less time, and how you get ahead.4. Don’t fear failure.Failure is a normal part of the innovation process. Make friends with this. If you think something is probably going to end up in failure, but it’s important enough to try, make sure you go for it. Failure is generative. Failure is a necessary component of innovation.5. Choose to be extraordinary.According to Musk, â€Å"people can choose to be ordinary.† Choose the opposite. Challenge and question norms. Do the unexpected. Strive always for greater goals and deeds.

The wife of President James Madison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The wife of President James Madison - Essay Example We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Unknown to her, she was invoking the Preamble when she honored the soldiers after each battle won since is it an action of common defense. Isn’t it an act of promoting general welfare when she mobilized the society who contributed their own funds to reestablish Washington, the seat of the government, when it was destroyed by the enemies? In effect she was demonstrating domestic tranquility when she tried to unite political parties by throwing parties bringing together two opposing political parties; introducing social etiquette and protocol included. In renovating the White House she wanted every Americans to take pride of it; because to her, the White Ho use is the representation of authority, and a common defense. When she installed dignity to women’s position at a time when gender equality reigns, she is practically framing the constitutional rights of women of equality. Gender equality later on became part of the Constitutional Amendment. I believe Dolley Madison had every right to be called the â€Å"last founders† because she put into practice the idealism prescribed in the Constitution long before it was penned into law. She created symbolic ties that brought the government.

Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Euro-Mediterranean Partnership - Essay Example 3. The rapprochement between peoples through a social, cultural and human partnership aimed at encouraging understanding between cultures and exchanges between civil societies (Social, Cultural and Human Chapter)." http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/euromed/index.htm It is an ambitious initiative with bilateral and regional dimensions and multilateral dimension supports, in the increasingly globalised world. Under MEDA programme, they are creating partnerships in all aspects like regional integration, socio-economic balance and financial and technical assistance. Despite these, in 2005 convention, it is noted MEDA was "created at the initiative of the European Parliament in 1996, the program grants aids to no-profit associations, Universities, Research Centres and public Bodies in order to realize projects aimed at promoting democracy, freedom of expression and association, and safeguarding specific groups, such as women, young people and minorities. The granted funds for this kind of projects can total a maximum of 80%" http://www.euromedi.org/inglese/home/partenariato/partenariato.asp). Despite these, in 2005 convention, it is noted that MEDA had very slow advancement. ... in the partnership are peace, security, stability, good governance and democracy, sustainable economic development and reform, education and socio-cultural exchanges, justice, migration and social integration, human rights and democratisation, political and security cooperation, information and communication technology, trade, financial cooperation, dialogues between two or more cultures, and the visibility of the process. It has announced that heredity sites would be maintained and safeguarded, 'Creating a future that care for the past'. "Its aim was to conserve and inventory manuscripts held in small libraries dotted throughout North Africa and the Near East, thus preserving the books and the wisdom they contain," Euro Mediterranean Partnership (2002, p.14). Main topics that would be investigated in the Research are as follows: 1. Illegal immigration into prosperous countries, an annoying issue that has to be controlled and guided in a proper way. Most of the European countries are facing problems due to illegal immigration and are trying to find ways and means of curbing them, while legal immigration would be encouraged. EU is facing extensive confusion as a result of illegal immigration. Research would probe into this matter and would try to present a clearer picture. 2. Security and Terrorism are the two issues that have been haunting every country today, and more so, the Western powers. After the fanatic Muslim movement lifted its ugly head in certain regions, curbing it has become the priority issue to all affected countries. Research would investigate these issues with other connected problems like fanaticism in European countries, growth of terrorist activities, help from Middle East countries in controlling training camps for potential terrorists and

PsyInfo (tools to success) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PsyInfo (tools to success) - Essay Example I can remember all the times I was sad as a kid, birthdays, holidays, Christmas time. I didn't know that growing up without money may have tied my parents down some and that they may have even felt like giving up in their lives. It was as if we were all embarrassed at living. Today I can look back and understand and appreciate some of these pressures of poverty, that they can really affect communication among family members and in a sense stunt the emotional growth and health that is needed. Feeling apart from others, isolated and unique in that way, I could no longer avoid states of depression. Today I see these states as important. In a child, one who is rebelling, they could lead into all kinds of mental illnesses if they are not properly attended to. Finally I met an individual who would change my life by the example of his own life. I had managed to get a job working in a store. I was about 17 at the time and was no longer going to school. The manager was one of the most busy pe rsons I had every met in my life. The store was a franchise type and was open 24 hours. When I got in in the early morning he was their taking inventory. When I left he was in the back stacking up inventory. He wasn't an old man, he was like middle age. I found out he spent his afternoons at business school. This man never took me personally.

Introduction To Slavery In America History Essay

Introduction To Slavery In America History Essay Slavery in America developed its roots way back to when American explorers discovered the new world. As a result, the whites started to use the African folks as workers in their plantations and homes as slaves. The African natives that were taken back to America as slaves were of various ages and sex. The women would work in the homes as cooks and cleaners while the men spent their days in the plantation tending to the crops. The young girls helped with minor house works and the boys were tasked with the duties of bailing the hay and loading goods and crops on wagons. During the civil war, most of the Black men were recruited into the army to aid in the fight. After the fight, the thirteenth amendment was enacted on December 18th 1865 under the proclamation of the then secretary of state. It aimed at abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude of the Blacks. It was the first of the reconstruction acts enacted post the civil war. This amendment was soon after improved by the 14th ame ndment which gave the African Americans citizenship but little constitution rights. This was abridged by the 15th amendment which gave the African American males right to vote in the general elections during the reconstruction era The term reconstruction era refers to the period between 1865 and 1877 after the great American civil war. It is the time in the US history whereby the governments of the various states put in motion efforts in a bid to solve the social, economic and political problems that came about due to the establishment of the 11 confederate states union that had disintegrated before or during the war. It was during this period that the Pres. Abraham Lincoln was assassinated (April 1865) due to his lenient policies and proposed passing of the 14th amendment (1866) which aimed at granting the black Americans full citizenship. This move was called for by the fact that there were newly established states that required governance and the in economic, social and political recovery aspects required that all people work together irrespective of their differences in a bid to achieve growth and development. However, these propositions were met with high disregards from the public; majority of whom belie ved that the blacks were meant to be slaves and had no rights. Consequently there developed riots and black codes which were meant to restrict blacks from their rights especially in the south. The 14th amendment was passed during the reign of President Andrew Johnson. However, the southern states established the Black Codes which refers to the laws passed by these governments in order to limit the rights given to the freed African Americans. The 14th amendment gave the slaves a right to citizenship but the Black Codes prohibited them from voting, jury duty, possessing weapons, testifying against the whites and even working in certain positions secured for the white folks  [1]  . As a result of this, the radical republicans supported the passing of the civil rights bill which was intended to protect the African Americans from these Black Codes. However in April 1866, Pres. Andrew Johnson banned this bill claiming that America was a land for the Whites and should be governed by the white folks. Additionally, he claimed that the whites are a superior race to the blacks in terms of abilities and intellect. These statements clearly showed the extent of racism and inequality that existed between the two races. The radical republicans were able to yet again pass the civil rights bill in 1867. This move led to the rise of organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) whose main aim was to frighten and terrorize the African Americans from exercising their rights (voting). The civil right bill did not suffice in protecting the African Americans from the Black Codes and other forms of racial injustices and inequalities. In a bid to justify these racial tendencies, governments in the US enacted the Jim Crow laws between 1876 and 1965. These were state and local laws in the US that supported racial segregation in public places such as public schools, transportation, restaurants and entertainment venues as well as restrooms for Whites and Blacks  [2]  . These laws by default resulted in inferior treatment of the Blacks in terms of accommodations, resource allocation, quality of products and services and even prices. Consequently the Black community in the States experienced a number of economic and social disadvantages due to the enactment of these laws in comparison to the Whites. Despite all these hardships, the African Americans still increased in numbers and managed to survive under these conditions. To counter this, the segregation worsened to a p oint where the Blacks were not allowed in some premises owned by whites, localities (residential estates occupied by whites), or even churches. This means that the Blacks lived in different areas away from the White communities and had their own religious and economic systems different from that of the White folks. In addition to this, interracial relationships were prohibited and if realized; punishable by death (blacks). In 1896, the Supreme Court decided that the Louisiana law supporting racial segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal was constitutional. This ruling was brought about in the Plessy v. Ferguson case. According to the Jim Crow laws, transportation of the Blacks was also segregated and as such, they had their own railway cars different from the ones used by the whites. In this case, Plessy a 1/8th black American citizen, was arrested in 1892 for boarding a car designated for the whites. Under the Louisiana laws, he was considered as a black person and as such was arrested for civil disobedience. The case managed to get to the Supreme Court and after a while a vote of 7 to1 majority won the case. In 1879, Plessy pleaded guilty to the crime. This case sealed the foundation of the segregation laws and was used to further justify the segregation of color practiced thereafter  [3]  . In fact, it clarified the fact that segregation was legal as long as the facilities provided to both races were of the same quality. The southern States however did not provide the Blacks with quality facilities or even equal resources. This case actually justified the separation of race and inequalities in the States up to 1954 when it was overturned by the ruling made by the Supreme Court as pertaining to the Brown v. Board of Education case. In addition to this, the congress passed the freedman act post civil war in March 1865. This act was established in order to punish the confederates who refused to surrender 60 days after the civil war  [4]  . The act stipulated that the slaves of such people would be freed. The congress therefore established this bureau to help the refugees and slaves left destitute due to the civil war. The main aim of this bureau was to assist these people settle, acquire land and to protect them from their former masters. Additionally, this bureau helped in developing schools, hospitals and other social amenities for the slaves and the citizens who had participated in the war but were displaced or otherwise left penniless by the whole ordeal. However, the Jim Crow laws to a large extent prohibited the effectiveness of this act through the limitations pertaining to land ownership and segregations. These laws had adverse effects on the social lives of the blacks in the United States. They all seemed to fuel racism among the people. Collectively, these laws were designed to oppress the blacks and restrict their rights. As such, there were wide spread inequalities based on color (race). For example, the Jim Crow laws advocated for racial segregation under the cloak of separate but equal doctrine. However, there was no equality especially since the facilities offered to the whites were far more superior as compared to those afforded to the Blacks. Also the fact that the Blacks went to different schools, restaurants, restrooms and even used different transport systems clearly showed increased racism in the United States. In addition to this, they also facilitated the presence of second class status among the races. This situation was mostly brought about by the Black Codes. Despite the fact that the 14th amendment gave the Blacks freedom and a right to citizenship, the Black Codes restricted them to exercise certain rights awarded to citizens such as voting, working in some positions, carrying firearms or even testifying against the whites. Consequently, the Blacks were inferior to the whites and their opinions carried no weight towards the political and social development and growth of the US. The fact that the 14th and 15th amendments seemed to favor the Blacks and abolish slavery did not auger well with most states in the south. As a result, some faction groups and organizations were formed in order to terrorize and oppress the Blacks. One such group was the Ku Klux Klan which was established in 1866 in Tennessee with a set goal to ensure that the Blacks who had won the right to vote in the 1867 elections did not exercise this right. It was a racist group that claimed to undo what the civil war and the voting commissions had done to the US. In 1915, the organization diverted its wrath to the immigrants and Catholic Church who they claimed were anti US activists by supporting the Blacks. The rise of such factions brought about various human injustices like lynching of the Blacks, brutalities some leading to death and various forms of intimidation. For example, if a Black person went into the wrong restaurant owned by whites or was seen talking to a white person, this constituted to a thorough beating or even imprisonment. These acts of lawlessness were further fueled by the fact that even the law enforcement agencies were not fond of the Black communities. Many cases were reported where crosses were burnt in the Black communities by members of the KKK as an intimidation technique used to scare the Blacks from voting or interacting with the whites. In addition to this, the whites used signs and symbols to separate the places that these races were allowed to visit. Consequently, this led to regional segregation whereby markets and entertainment venues as well as residential areas for the blacks were isolated far from those of the whites. In some states, the use of sign s was supported by the laws to further dictate and enforce the segregation laws. After the civil war, most of the blacks demanded for repatriations for the slavery. However these pleas fell into deaf ears and as such, poverty loomed among the Black community. This situation was worsened by the establishment of the Black code laws which prohibited the Blacks from property ownership including land and housing  [5]  . In addition to this, Blacks under these laws were not allowed to work in certain positions and were left with very few options such as working in the white farms and other odd jobs which attracted very low salaries and wages. On the same note, their businesses could not thrive due to the fact that the whites could not buy from the blacks or even supply them with the products to sell. All these factors led to an increase in poverty amongst the Black community. In addition to this, the Jim Crow laws prohibited the blacks from owning land. As a result, they had no choice but to rent out pieces of land from the whites a fact that led to the rise of sharecropping. This system seemed to thrive since most white farmers had large chunks of land and little money to pay laborers especially after the war. Consequently, they struck a bargain with the black laborers entailing that they attend to the land for a small fee, shelter and basic provisions a factor that seemed to cater for the immediate needs of both races under the prevailing circumstances. To further ensure that the Blacks were occupied at all times, the governments and local states put in place vagrancy laws. These were among the black code laws and dictated that all unemployed or wandering Blacks be arrested. These laws were specifically designed to arrest the Blacks since the penalty fees were too high and most of them could not foot the bill. As a result, they could be sent to county labor or be hired as workers for private people. As such, the laws ensured that there was enough labor to go around for the white farmers. As mentioned earlier, these laws seemed to advocate for racism and segregation against the blacks. As a result, they affected the cultural bearing of the African Americans in all aspects. For example, the racism and segregation led to the establishment of black churches. Since the Blacks were not allowed to attend white churches, they had to establish their own religious foundations. These protestant churches focused on developing hope for the blacks who experienced hardships and oppression for the whites  [6]  . Eventually, as the churches grew larger, they offered education to their members in a bid to improve their status and chances of bettering their lives. The music developed by the Blacks during this era was mainly of blues and jazz nature. These were somber songs sang to provide hope to the Blacks through the hardships that they faced. In addition to this, the rhythms were thought to have originated from the African continent and were perfected in the states. The Blacks were known to sing as they worked in the fields. These songs were later modified and improved over the years to form the now known Blues and jazz. As per the sports, the African Americans were still segregated and discriminated upon. However, there were some exceptions such as Moses Fleetwood who was known as the first Black player to play the baseball major leagues with the whites despite his race, or other athletes who showed exceptional talent in the sporting arenas. In addition to this, the Blacks also developed their own Negro league which they used to facilitate communication and interactions amongst themselves since visiting each other was risky under the vagrancy laws. The food common to the African Americans was called soul food. The term originated from the fact that the term soul referred to the Black culture for example soul music or soul train. The origin of the food traces its roots back to the African continent and was introduced to America through the transatlantic slave trade in the late 1870s. The cuisine included meals made of sorghum, rice, cassavas and turnips. As such, these meals became the dietary staples common to the enslaved Africans. During the Jim Crow era, education to the African Americans was viewed as a source of inspiration to fight for change against the oppression that prevailed for a very long time. In as much as the Blacks faced various challenges in accessing educational facilities, the church played a pivotal role in providing access to such amenities. The Blacks were realized to be high academic achievers due to their motivation and persistence in a bid to get a better life and to fight for a better future for the generations to come. Due to the oppressive state that the blacks were experiencing in the states, most of them opted to find ways to migrate back to their mother land. The whites on the other hand oppressed and harassed the Black folks with an aim of pushing them back to Africa. As such, the Blacks believed that the whites were superior to them and figured that there would be more chances and opportunities for them back in Africa. Consequently, this led to an increase in migration of the Blacks to other countries such as Liberia where they felt less intimidated by the whites and at the same time got a feeling of belonging after the hard and struggle full life  [7]  . Conclusion Slavery and segregation tormented the lives of the Africans at the wake of the 19th century. In as much as the 14th and the 15th amendments made attempts to protect and reward the blacks for their efforts, many a white folks still felt superior to them. This led to the establishment of archaic laws and policies formulated to justify the racism and other forms of injustice targeting the Black folks. However, the African Americans surprised the whole world by persisting through it all until such a time that they would realize true freedom and equality among the various races.

Volkswagen of America: Managing It Priorities

Matulovic who is the chief information officer of Volkswagen of America (VWoA) has a tough decision to make. Volkswagen’s subsidiary launched a new process for allocating budgets across the business. With the new process, they have derived at a list of approved projects that no one is happy about. Calls came flooding through to Matulovic with an informal request to insert an unfunded project into the IT department’s work plans. VWoA had projects requiring $210 millions and the parent company of VWoA (Volkswagen Group, VWAG) budgeted only $60 million. In choosing the right projects to fund was a process that consisted of three phases: Phase 1-Calling for projects, communicating process, and identifying dependencies, Phase 2-Formal project requests for business unit, and Phase 3-Transforming business unit request into enterprise goal portfolios. Phase I was able to reduce and re-categorize projects because business units realized that many of their initiatives were very similar to other initiatives throughout the company which lead projects to become grouped together into common enterprise projects. This phase identified dependencies among projects. Therefore, without completed projects, the other projects could not be started. This phase also involved members becoming exposed to information about proposed initiatives across the company which gave them a greater understanding and appreciation of different business units. This helps migrate away from the current silo thinking and start focusing on initiatives in an enterprise-wide level. At the end of this phase, the proposed $210 million was simplified to a list of projects that required $170 million. Phase 1 was a critical starting point in aligning all business initiatives and trimming down projects. With the list in hand, we now step into Phase 2. During Phase 2 each business unit was required to classify each proposal into the type of investment (stay in business, return on investment, and option-creating investment) and technological application type (base-enterprise IT platform, enterprise applications, and customized point solutions). These classifications would influence how particular investments would be treated in the selection and prioritization process. Business units had to rank projects by priority and associate projects with enterprise goals. There was criticism that projects were reclassified as enterprise, but they really weren’t enterprise projects. The is because business units had to think of ways to associate their project with enterprise goals to improve chances of funding since the stay in business projects were given high priority, then the enterprise projects and finally individual business units. So if your project wasn’t a stay in business or enterprise project then the business units were tempted to reclassify their project to an enterprise project instead of a business unit. This built frustration as managers are looking for their own funding but don’t have the overall view to properly prioritize which lead other projects get the funding. Finally, Phase 3 consisted of ranking business unit goals based upon enterprise goals/needs. The key concept of governance is to align organizational activity with corporate goals and strategy. The assessment of the new process is to align business goals with enterprise goals and fund the top priority projects that would support the next round of growth goal areas. The NRG program is the readiness program called â€Å"Next Round of Growth† it was aimed to define the goals, functions, and organizational changes required to support and enable the new global product diversification strategy. The Next Round of Growth Enterprise Goal Areas is to support expanded product portfolio which is customer loyalty, new vehicle value, pre-owned vehicle business, stable infrastructure, and optimize supply flow. In order to reach a final project list, VWoA had to simplify and categorize projects, assess their business impact, and distinguish their alignment with goals all while making trade-off decisions. The process is an improvement over the old process since the business units were required to prioritize based on the enterprise-wide goals instead of their own business unit. It also avoided the less organized and less centralized method in prioritizing projects. The new process led business units to work together and make decisions that would affect their unit using the overall company strategy. They would also recognize other business unit’s priorities and provide a greater appreciation of their business unit and the work that they do. This helps alleviate other business units ranking their initiatives as more important than another. As this being a new process at VWoA, this process failed to capture and fund the supply flow project. The unfunded supply flow project revealed a flaw in the new process system. The supply flow project did not get funding because it was recognized at the global level and not at the VWoA importer level. The loss of funding would constitute a major setback for globalization initiatives based in Germany so this particular project must be funded somehow and Matulovic had to think of options on how to make this happen. The recommendation at this point is to remain focus on the most important strategic goals of VWoA and proceed funding all projects in the final project list in the top-ranked portfolio. He should not take funding from other funded projects to try and help fund the supply flow project. That would lead to intense push back and affect working relationships since projects which are important to VWoA’s strategic goals will be neglected. He should also not leave it to the supply flow area to work out what to do about this project because that decision would lead to a project waiting to fail. Dumping a project on them to figure out, without the proper resources is nearly impossible to successfully complete. Re-opening the new prioritization process that took nearly 3 months to complete is unnecessary and wasted time. The process will not have to be reopened, rather to find alternative sources for funding to proceed with the supply flow project. Due to the global reach of the project, it is unreasonable for the project to be funded solely by VWoA, but rather allocating the funds under the parent company or among all companies under the umbrella of the parent company, Volkswagen Group. Volkswagen Group sets the budget at VWoA and several organizational entities at VWoA would play a role in controlling which projects are funded. There are four specific teams involved in this process: the ELT (Executive Leadership Team), the ITSC (IT Steering Committee), the PMO (Project Management Office), and the DBC (Digital Business Council). If they are unable to find alternative funding then they should consider this project as an exception or special condition to figure out a way to fund the project. This is common where successful businesses continuously create new opportunities which cannot be covered by existing IT decisions. Matulovic should reach out to the supply flow group in Germany to present and communicate the different options for alternative funding and the importance of funding the top-ranked portfolio and the supply flow project and get them involved in the solution process. In managing IT priorities in the future, there needs to be a change in the new process to include support and recognize the global level projects and not just at the VWoA level. This ensures other vital projects don’t fall through the cracks like the supply flow project in this case study. The Volkswagen Group should reevaluate that proper funding is allocated for both the VWoA and global level initiatives. Matulovic’s fellow executives that communicated the concern of unfunded projects were involved in the decision making process and if they thought these goals didn’t align with the company’s goals, then they should have voiced their concerns to the process teams, ELT,ITSC, PMO, and/or the DBC, not to Matulovic. The expectation of all VWoA’s employees should be in support of the company’s overall strategic goals, not just their own business units. Volkswagen of America: Managing It Priorities Matulovic who is the chief information officer of Volkswagen of America (VWoA) has a tough decision to make. Volkswagen’s subsidiary launched a new process for allocating budgets across the business. With the new process, they have derived at a list of approved projects that no one is happy about. Calls came flooding through to Matulovic with an informal request to insert an unfunded project into the IT department’s work plans. VWoA had projects requiring $210 millions and the parent company of VWoA (Volkswagen Group, VWAG) budgeted only $60 million. In choosing the right projects to fund was a process that consisted of three phases: Phase 1-Calling for projects, communicating process, and identifying dependencies, Phase 2-Formal project requests for business unit, and Phase 3-Transforming business unit request into enterprise goal portfolios. Phase I was able to reduce and re-categorize projects because business units realized that many of their initiatives were very similar to other initiatives throughout the company which lead projects to become grouped together into common enterprise projects. This phase identified dependencies among projects. Therefore, without completed projects, the other projects could not be started. This phase also involved members becoming exposed to information about proposed initiatives across the company which gave them a greater understanding and appreciation of different business units. This helps migrate away from the current silo thinking and start focusing on initiatives in an enterprise-wide level. At the end of this phase, the proposed $210 million was simplified to a list of projects that required $170 million. Phase 1 was a critical starting point in aligning all business initiatives and trimming down projects. With the list in hand, we now step into Phase 2. During Phase 2 each business unit was required to classify each proposal into the type of investment (stay in business, return on investment, and option-creating investment) and technological application type (base-enterprise IT platform, enterprise applications, and customized point solutions). These classifications would influence how particular investments would be treated in the selection and prioritization process. Business units had to rank projects by priority and associate projects with enterprise goals. There was criticism that projects were reclassified as enterprise, but they really weren’t enterprise projects. The is because business units had to think of ways to associate their project with enterprise goals to improve chances of funding since the stay in business projects were given high priority, then the enterprise projects and finally individual business units. So if your project wasn’t a stay in business or enterprise project then the business units were tempted to reclassify their project to an enterprise project instead of a business unit. This built frustration as managers are looking for their own funding but don’t have the overall view to properly prioritize which lead other projects get the funding. Finally, Phase 3 consisted of ranking business unit goals based upon enterprise goals/needs. The key concept of governance is to align organizational activity with corporate goals and strategy. The assessment of the new process is to align business goals with enterprise goals and fund the top priority projects that would support the next round of growth goal areas. The NRG program is the readiness program called â€Å"Next Round of Growth† it was aimed to define the goals, functions, and organizational changes required to support and enable the new global product diversification strategy. The Next Round of Growth Enterprise Goal Areas is to support expanded product portfolio which is customer loyalty, new vehicle value, pre-owned vehicle business, stable infrastructure, and optimize supply flow. In order to reach a final project list, VWoA had to simplify and categorize projects, assess their business impact, and distinguish their alignment with goals all while making trade-off decisions. The process is an improvement over the old process since the business units were required to prioritize based on the enterprise-wide goals instead of their own business unit. It also avoided the less organized and less centralized method in prioritizing projects. The new process led business units to work together and make decisions that would affect their unit using the overall company strategy. They would also recognize other business unit’s priorities and provide a greater appreciation of their business unit and the work that they do. This helps alleviate other business units ranking their initiatives as more important than another. As this being a new process at VWoA, this process failed to capture and fund the supply flow project. The unfunded supply flow project revealed a flaw in the new process system. The supply flow project did not get funding because it was recognized at the global level and not at the VWoA importer level. The loss of funding would constitute a major setback for globalization initiatives based in Germany so this particular project must be funded somehow and Matulovic had to think of options on how to make this happen. The recommendation at this point is to remain focus on the most important strategic goals of VWoA and proceed funding all projects in the final project list in the top-ranked portfolio. He should not take funding from other funded projects to try and help fund the supply flow project. That would lead to intense push back and affect working relationships since projects which are important to VWoA’s strategic goals will be neglected. He should also not leave it to the supply flow area to work out what to do about this project because that decision would lead to a project waiting to fail. Dumping a project on them to figure out, without the proper resources is nearly impossible to successfully complete. Re-opening the new prioritization process that took nearly 3 months to complete is unnecessary and wasted time. The process will not have to be reopened, rather to find alternative sources for funding to proceed with the supply flow project. Due to the global reach of the project, it is unreasonable for the project to be funded solely by VWoA, but rather allocating the funds under the parent company or among all companies under the umbrella of the parent company, Volkswagen Group. Volkswagen Group sets the budget at VWoA and several organizational entities at VWoA would play a role in controlling which projects are funded. There are four specific teams involved in this process: the ELT (Executive Leadership Team), the ITSC (IT Steering Committee), the PMO (Project Management Office), and the DBC (Digital Business Council). If they are unable to find alternative funding then they should consider this project as an exception or special condition to figure out a way to fund the project. This is common where successful businesses continuously create new opportunities which cannot be covered by existing IT decisions. Matulovic should reach out to the supply flow group in Germany to present and communicate the different options for alternative funding and the importance of funding the top-ranked portfolio and the supply flow project and get them involved in the solution process. In managing IT priorities in the future, there needs to be a change in the new process to include support and recognize the global level projects and not just at the VWoA level. This ensures other vital projects don’t fall through the cracks like the supply flow project in this case study. The Volkswagen Group should reevaluate that proper funding is allocated for both the VWoA and global level initiatives. Matulovic’s fellow executives that communicated the concern of unfunded projects were involved in the decision making process and if they thought these goals didn’t align with the company’s goals, then they should have voiced their concerns to the process teams, ELT,ITSC, PMO, and/or the DBC, not to Matulovic. The expectation of all VWoA’s employees should be in support of the company’s overall strategic goals, not just their own business units.

Mentor

Instead of cursing the dark we have to light a candle; instead of looking down at the gutter at the roadside on a moonless night why not look up and appreciate the stars   in the sky? We should put passion in every undertaking. And instead saying â€Å" It’s cloudy outside but it’s a Sunday,† why not make it as an opportunity and say   â€Å"It’s a   great Sunday!† Meaning you’re optimistic that the day   would turn out right  Ã‚   because you are free from your office work—of your responsibility here–  Ã‚   despite the clouds hovering at the horizon. Right? In short we, all of you (managers, supervisors, section heads) should try to inspire others through your thoughts, words and deeds. First you should think and act as mentors and not mere managers or slave drivers of employees.   A mentor says â€Å"we have to do this way,† rather than ordering a subordinate â€Å"to do that way.† Make yourself  Ã‚   part of the solution – a member of the team. As a mentor you take every problem as a new challenge. As proactive mentor you have to be ahead of the situation or you have to put up measures to prevent potential problems   to crop up. To be an effective mentor you have to have the unlimited capacity to understand. How? Review your college psychology, about human nature or behavior, about motivation and aspirations of individuals. Make your subordinates feel that their aspirations and ambitions would be addressed by playing   their roles in the company. Make their individual ambitions and the company’s objective   one. Make them proud to belong to the company since they are being taken care of including their loved ones. To be a competent mentor every manager should have an open line of communication. You have to remove the partitions and cubicles. Let every worker approach you any time of the day – or night — and help him solve even his personal problem. As a mentor your responsibility does not end after office hours. The communications line should be open 24 hours a day. Mentoring is like coaching a football or basketball team. A coach is a mentor-leader —not a manager– because he inspires people. Your effectiveness as a coach could be measured on how the athletes play the game and not on the number of games won. The objective of the manager is to win all the games. As for the coach? His foremost consideration is the welfare of the individual players including their future and direction. Winning is secondary. Winning is not the objective. Winning a game or the championship should be the result of mentoring. No amount of shouting, cursing or suspension could make a player give a 100-percent contribution to a game if he is not inspired to play. He only gives his best because of the motivations from his coach. An example is Carter of the popular movie Coach Carter. He made men out of the spoiled and undisciplined youngsters. He transformed their lives—and their future. He considered every game lost an opportunity for each of his players to improve and do better. Carter   provided them reasons to live a beautiful and fruitful life. Another organization where you can find a mentor-leader is the Army. It is not the platoon leader but it’s usually the platoon sergeant who motivates the infantrymen during battles. One factor that inspires the soldiers could be the courage of the sergeant. And he leads in front of his platoon every skirmish. Because he has the extensive knowledge and experiences acquired from previous battles his men have confidence of his leadership. They know that what the sergeant is doing is  Ã‚   for their welfare and to reduce casualties.   In short extensive knowledge and courage play an important role in motivating people. And you can have more knowledge by attending managerial and motivational workshops on your initiative and on your own time. In short self-improvement. Another role you should play as leader is that of a facilitator. You should group your subordinates into teams not as work-related groups, like budget, accounting,   or disbursing section .Each team has an objective to accomplish—just like every squad in the army. Each team member has a defined role to play or a specialization.The men in a squad don’t carry the same type of weapon. One carries a bar or a special weapon which is effective for long range shooting. Another carries a machine gun for close combat. Others carry assault   rifles for the final push. Others carry sniper’s rifle with night vision for evening assault, and so forth. And in the absence of the point -man, the next in rank can take over to accomplish the objective of the team since every member’s role is clearly defined. So you have a logistical team rather than a dispatching section. Each team leader is empowered to make decisions. In case of misunderstanding or conflict in the implementation of an office policy, as manager or supervisor you act as collaborator but not as compromiser. As team member you consider everyone in the group as your   colleague or peer not as your immediate supervisor or your direct subordinate. Each role should be defined not by the ranking of the position but by specialization or skills. Thus, the secretary   becomes communications specialist and the telephone operator the   solutions provider—   for she gives answers to queries, Right? With these changes each can assert his role in the organization and he could measure his overall contribution. Even the janitor must have a position fitted to his contribution — as sanitation specialist. Try to imagine a single day without a janitor. You will find that the following day everything is in chaos or the office smelly. In case of conflict, as facilitator you initiate collaborative work, you initiave   comprehensive cooperation from all the members of the team. For an example in the advertising department, you yave to facilitate the production of the best creative idea for a promotional campaign. In this case you don’t have to criticize ideas presented. You have to facilitate the frution of the ideas into a useful concept. As facilitator you have to be highly assertive so it would be faster for a collegial decision to crop up from the team. Another role you should play as supervisor is that of a monitor. In short you have to record and take note of the progress of each team in your group. You don’t have to record their attendance nor whether they come on time or leave the office earlier. That’s not the point. As monitor you record as to how far they are from the goal. You have to be goal-oriented. You manage by objective. To be an effective monitor you have to be competent about   information management—the ins and outs of the system.In short you have your own system to grade your members. In the military there is such thing as demerits. For example you wear a complete uniform you would be given 100 merits. Any stain or dirt in the uniform, or improper wearing of a single insignia   the officer would give you the corresponding demerits. In this way your team members know their goal if they could make   you objective and make it   perfectly.. The military for example, has its own counterintelligence group. This way the military plays it safe by moving ahead of its enemies. This means you monitor the contribution of each member of the team and advice them from time to time as the necessary adjustments needed in their activities. Another function you should do as manager is that of a coordinator. In this situation you act not only as the coach of the team. You act at   the same time  Ã‚   the team captain or   the playing coach. You coordinate the maneuvers on the court as team captain. All the members of the team observe you from a distance as to what signals you are transmitting to them. As coordinator you know the specialized skill of each member. Like basketball, you know   how the guard or the forwards functions during set plays. You know the capacity   of your center or you know who would be the slotman or pointmaker during crucial time of the game. In short each man has a specialization—just like in your department or section. In basketball, the team captain sometimes decide  Ã‚   as to when they   need   to rest – and not necessarily the coach–   and transmit this need to the coach or the bench officials for the team to take a rest or take a time out to   change plan of  Ã‚   maneuvers . Compared to our company, as facilitator you must have the hands-on knowledge of the operation of your division or section.You cannot play as team captain if you don’t know the limit of your teammates, right? To summarize the following table show you the roles and the competencies needed: ROLES   COMPETENCIES NEEDED MENTOR       Big understanding; open-mindedness, effective verbal and oral Communications; ;extensive understanding of human Motivations; example that of a coach; can   emphatize FACILITATOR  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   team-building skills; delegation of authority; assume Responsibility; will not compromise solution; example That of a college instructor;example:   basketball team captain MONITOR     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proactive and goal-orientation; ability to detect Weaknesses; extensive analytical ability; example: a high school teacher; another example is the Army’s demerit system. COORDINATOR  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Proactive; ability to measure capacity and limits; ex: team captain;   he gets the opinion of the members of the team to arrive at a good decision; ability to get the attention of every member of the team; ability to get respect from the team. Case 1 Shaheen Matombo, staff member The case of Shaheen is not an isolated one. It is always the problem of single mother who doubles as head of the family. Shaheen is not a hopeless case. In fact Shaheen has offered an alternative schedule of 8:30 a.m. in exchange for a 30-minute lunch break. As CEO I would suggest to Andre Tate, Shaheen’s manager, to adopt the staff member’s offer of arriving at 8:30 with 30-minute lunch break, with off at 5 p.m., just like everybody in the office. As manager   it is the foremost to maintain manpower, especially that   Shaheen is a product of a computer college. It is the goal of Shaheen’s immediate supervisor to give the newcomer—three months at work—a chance to develop herself in her workplace. In this age of computers,   and flexible time, the offer of Shaheen is laudable.   Morale of her co-workers would not be affected if the change of Shaheen’s schedule would be known by everybody in the office.And   the same flexible time schedule would be offered to anybody who have the same reasons that of Shaheen. As manager, Andre should also provide a counteroffer. Meaning, Shaheen would follow her suggested schedule religiously.And a single late or failure to follow the schedule may mean she has to revert to the 8 a.m. regular time. During contingency, Shaneen would be given the chance to work online at home, so by the time she will be at the office she would not miss any important call. A system would be installed that calls made at 8 a.m. to the office would be coursed through the home telephone or computer of Shaheen at home. Another counteroffer would be for Shaheen to observe her suggested schedule but without coffee breaks of 15 minutes in the morning and another coffee break of 15 minutes in the afternoon. In short let Shaheen eat at his work station in exchange for her coming at 8:30 p.m. Since Shaheen is a computer graduate, sooner she would learn the ropes and could be effective in her work. As manager, Andre’s work is to maintain cohesion, morale and develop through training all the employees, not only Shaheen. As manager, Andre’s responsibility is to develop human resources in the company, particularly at this time when it would be hard to hire competent employees who are readily knowledgeable with office work. One of the   four approaches to effective values (HM 2022, frame 17 of lecture 2) is emphasis on human relations where the goal of the manager is maintaining human relations. Shaheen stay in the office can be considered probationary for it   takes   from three to six months before an employee becomes regular. Assuming Shaheen is already a regular staffer, the more that she should be retained and given the chance to improve herself.   In this case, Andre may assign a veteran worker or her supervisor as her office mentor. Shaneen needs the guidance of a facilitator and coordinator who understands her first and second willing to help her until she may be six months in office. In this way, if she would not improve, Andre have the reason to look for her replacement or put her in a job that does not require her to be at 8 a.m.. Of she may be given flexible time schedule to suit her work at home. The manager should understand the situation of Shaneen from the poiont of view of a parent. The manager should try to wear the shoes of Shaheen to undertanding extensively the situation Shaheen is in. As mentor, Andre should inspire Shaheen to work better and improve in her work. Andre should have the capacity and the patience to work with a worker like Shaneen For sooner, Shaheen may improve for she has the potential to be an effective worker.