Anorexia Essay -- essays research papers fc

"Anorexia Nervosa"     Bizarre, devastating, and baffling are three words that describe the anorexia nervosa ailment. By definition, anorexia nervosa is an ingest disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continue to starve themselves. The term "anorexia nervosa" literally means nervous lose of appetite. nation with the disorder are suppressing a strong desire to eat, because they are afraid of becoming fat. Anorexia is characterized by extreme starvation that leads to a disastrous loss of weight. Anorexia nervosa affects a large number of people today in the world, and does not discriminate against anybody. Its victims can be overweight, thin, y give awayh, old, or either sex although, its primary victims are young girls between the age of thirteen and nineteen. This disorder has become more and more common around the world today. It has populated many college campuses, and it is spreading. Recent studies show that to the highest degree 20% of college women suffer from anorexia or bulimia (bulimia is a eating disorder similar to anorexia), and the statistic increases to about 50% when so called "fad" bulimics and anorexics are included (Baker 9). This disease takes ordinary, often truly beautiful people and drives them to starvation for no apparent reason whatsoever. They do not even seem to realize the extreme peril that comes with not eating a balanced diet. These young people lose so much weight that it makes them extremely fragile and sometimes causes death.      Death was very near to a girl named Patti, who suffered through anorexia for more than two years. She ate nothing but two cream-filled cookies a day for more than seven weeks. The starting signal cookie was breakfast and lunch, and the second was for her main meal. When she decided that these two cookies had too much fat in them, she proceeded to scrape off t he cream filling from both(prenominal) of the cookies to decrease her fat intake. But still that was too much fat, so she cut down to one cookie without the filling. She now gets fed intravenously in her arm to get nourishment in the hospital. She is being fed against her will to save her life. But of course not all cases of this disorder are instead as severe or dramatic as this, yet all cases should be helped, because they can take a... ... is also accompanied by the National experience for Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD). These groups are paving the way to make these disorders easier to cure. They provide family therapy, psychotherapy, and hypnosis. Since there are so many philosophies about treating anorexia nervosa, exploring for a suitable therapist is suggested.      This terrible, bizarre disorder has became more popular in the past few decades, but there are newer and better ways of treating it. There are no general answers to why pe ople become anorexic and why when on the brink of death they continue to starve themselves, but they need to know that there is help out there and they are wanted. With thecontinued investigation of anorexia, we will undoubtedly come up with better and better ways to treat it.BibliographyBaker, C. The Perfect Trap College-age Women and consume      Disorders. Copyright Catherine Baker.Pirke, K.M., and Ploog,D. eds.(1984) The Psychobiology of      Anorexia Nervosa. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg           New York Tokyo.

Child Labour :: essays research papers

Our Efforts and Experiences Part - IIn all the civilized societies all over the world constitution of kid labour is condemned as a social evil but the fact is the system is prevelent on a large scale in a country like India. It is noticed that, in recent times our society is showing some signs of awareness about this social evil. This is the first part of the oblige giving details about the efforts undertaken in and around Ahmedpur for eradication of this system.Since past 12 years I am take oning on various issues cerebrate to inelegant areas through Peoples Institute of Rural Development and Rachanatmac Sangharsha Samiti (Maharashtra). To generate employment for enhance labour through employment guarantee aimis our sustained and major activity. While working with farm labour during 1988-90 I was exposed to the issue of Child Labour. When I saw the children working as child or boned Labour in agriculture, I could realise the intensity of this issue.Agriculture is a main so urce of employment for labour in rural areas. Child Labour working in farms, or as a bonded labour or as a herdsman has an adverse impact on the employment of adult people. When dialogue was initialed with farm labour on this issue. They narrated that when child works as a Child Labour he/she actually supports the family. They receive that child provides something to eat to a family. This is a general feeling among the rural masses about Child Labour. The common understanding among this labour class is to a greater extent working pass means more income for a family. But this calls still could not decide, whose hands these should be? They are not understanding that small hands are depriving of big hands from employment. The difficult life they are living and ignorance of these farm labour is responsible for such type of their attitude towards their own children. It do us realised that there is a need of structural changes in the society and we resolved to work for structural chang es. In the society and we resolved to work for structural changes. In the initial period neither we had any plan nor a concrete stralgy to deal with the situation. We decide to have a dialogue with farm labour on this issue. Already we were discussing with them about employment minimum wages, equal wages for equal work, laws for the profection of a farm labour etc.

Richard Wilbur Essay -- Biography

It is true that the poet does not directly address his neighbors but he does address a great coition of persons who dwell at the back of his mind, a congress of all those who have taught him and whom he has admired that constitute his grand audience and his better self (Richard Wilbur, National Book Foundation). Richard Wilbur spoke this famous quote at his National Book Award speech in 1957. to a greater extent of the events in Wilburs life transitioned to his betrothal of this award, but he did not know what bearing his life was going in at the time. From the events in his too soon childishness learning how to write from his mother give care grandfather and great-grandfather, to his later becoming a universe War II veteran and getting a pipeline from Harvard University, and everything in-between, Richard Wilbur spent the rest of his life creating a breathtaking assortment of poems which galacticly connected to his early(a) life. Richard Wilburs birth and early life led to his beginning spark of interest in writing at a young age when he met his grandfather and great-grandfather. He was born on March 1st, 1921 in New York City, New York (Haralson 759). Richard lived in North Caldwell, New Jersey for the rest of his pastoral childhood with his middle-class family (Gioia). They resided on a large property and they did not have many neighbors (Gioia). He enjoyed wandering off to random places on the property with his brothers, and he enjoyed the nature, which inspired some of his later poetry (Gioia).Wilburs maternal grandfather and his great-grandfather were both editors and Wilbur began to acquire a love for journalism stronger than his love for painting give care his father (Richard Wilbur, Poetry Foundation). He enjoyed the company of his grandfather and gre... ...people trust more about the life in which they live everyday. His poems connected to his life, e.g. the poems about nature in The Beautiful Changes connected to his life on a large property and its connections to his time on the battlefield. Wilbur closed out his National Book Award acceptance speech by saying Writing poetry, then, is an unsocial route of manufacturing a thoroughly social product. Because he must shield his poetry in its creation, the poet, more than other writers, will write without recognition. And because his product is not in great demand, he is likely to look on honors and distinctions with the feigned indifference of the wallflower. Yet of course he is pleased when recognition comes for what better proof is on that point that for some people poetry is still a useful and necessary thing -- like a shoe (Richard Wilbur, National Book Foundation). Richard Wilbur Essay -- narrativeIt is true that the poet does not directly address his neighbors but he does address a great congress of persons who dwell at the back of his mind, a congress of all those who have taught him and whom he has admired that constitute his ideal audie nce and his better self (Richard Wilbur, National Book Foundation). Richard Wilbur spoke this famous quote at his National Book Award speech in 1957. Many of the events in Wilburs life transitioned to his acceptance of this award, but he did not know what direction his life was going in at the time. From the events in his early childhood learning how to write from his maternal grandfather and great-grandfather, to his later becoming a World War II veteran and getting a degree from Harvard University, and everything in-between, Richard Wilbur spent the rest of his life creating a breathtaking assortment of poems which largely connected to his early life. Richard Wilburs birth and early life led to his first spark of interest in writing at a young age when he met his grandfather and great-grandfather. He was born on March 1st, 1921 in New York City, New York (Haralson 759). Richard lived in North Caldwell, New Jersey for the rest of his pastoral childhood with his middle-class family (Gioia). They resided on a large property and they did not have many neighbors (Gioia). He enjoyed wandering off to random places on the property with his brothers, and he enjoyed the nature, which inspired some of his later poetry (Gioia).Wilburs maternal grandfather and his great-grandfather were both editors and Wilbur began to acquire a love for journalism stronger than his love for painting like his father (Richard Wilbur, Poetry Foundation). He enjoyed the company of his grandfather and gre... ...people think more about the life in which they live everyday. His poems connected to his life, e.g. the poems about nature in The Beautiful Changes connected to his life on a large property and its connections to his time on the battlefield. Wilbur closed out his National Book Award acceptance speech by saying Writing poetry, then, is an unsocial way of manufacturing a thoroughly social product. Because he must shield his poetry in its creation, the poet, more than other writers, wi ll write without recognition. And because his product is not in great demand, he is likely to look on honors and distinctions with the feigned indifference of the wallflower. Yet of course he is pleased when recognition comes for what better proof is there that for some people poetry is still a useful and necessary thing -- like a shoe (Richard Wilbur, National Book Foundation).

Immoral or Unconstitutional Government Decrees :: Politics Political Essays

Immoral or Unconstitutional Government DecreesImagine this scenario and lets do a thought experiment. Im assureed by the Department of wellness and Human Services (DHHS) to perform, without compensation, calorie-freeing services at a local senior citizen retirement home. Ive not been found guilty in a judicatory of law of a crime for which Im being punished. Ive simply been ordered by DHHS to work at the senior citizen home in the name of promoting the public welfare. stroke to espouse means going to jail.I might seek a court injunction against DHHSs edit. But suppose the court ruled that DHHS had the authority to order me to perform cleaning services at senior citizen homes. I might take my complaint all the way to the U.S. Supreme lawcourt only for the Court to rule yes, under the U.S. Constitutions welfare clause, and the authority it gives Congress, Im compelled as ordered by DHHS to perform cleaning services.My question to you is now that the courts have ruled, should I si mply comply? You might rejoin by suggesting that the question cannot be answered unless additional information is supplied such as Did Congress properly vote to authorize DHHS to order me to clean senior citizen homes? Did DHHS single me out or are other Americans assigned similar tasks? In other words, was in that respect invidious discrimination?My response to your initiatory set of questions is what does a vote have to do with the rightness or wrongness of the DHHS mandate? Would one determine the rightness or wrongness of rape, murder, larceny and slavery by whether there was majority vote? To the second question, I would also ask does the rightness or wrongness of an act depend upon the fall of people, a hundred people or millions of people, forcibly used to serve the purposes of another? Was slavery in our country okay because 4 million blacks were enslaved instead of just one? Does equality in servitude make servitude just? One might rejoin by saying, All those argument s are neither here nor there the law is the law and people should obey. I say balderdash South Africa used to have apartheid laws that strictly controlled where blacks could live, work, and eat. Nazi Germany had anti-Semitic laws. In United States there was the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Would you have obeyed those laws? Would you have approved of and sought prosecution of white employers who hired black workers in contravention of job second-stringer laws that were a part of South Africas Civilized Labour Policy?

Peer Pressure Begins in Childhood :: Peer Pressure Essays

helpmate radical influences affect kidskinren much earlier than researchers have suspected, finds a new University of Maryland-led study. The researchers give tongue to it provides a wake-up chat to parents and educators to look out for undue gathering influences, cliquishness and biases that might set in early, the researchers say.The study appears in the May/June 2013 issue of Child Development, and is easy online. The researchers say their work represents a new line of research what they call group dynamics of childhood. No prior research has investigated what children think about thought-provoking groups that move in ways that are unfair or non customs dutyal, they note.The findings refute an older view that conflicts between group loyalty and impartiality are not to that degree part of uncomplicated-school aged childrens everyday interactions.This is not just an adolescent issue, says University of Maryland developmental psychologist Melanie Killen, the studys lead re searcher. Peer group pressure begins in elementary schools, as early as age nine. Its what kids actually encounter there on any given day.Even at this earlier age, children show chaste independency and will stand up to the group, Killen adds. But it is also a setting where the seeds of group prejudices can develop, if not checked.Parents and teachers often miss childrens nascent taking into custody of group dynamics, as well as kids willingness to buck to the pressure, Killen explains. Children begin to figure out the costs and consequences of resisting peer group pressure early. By adolescence, they find it lone(prenominal) gets much complicated.The emergence of peer groups in elementary school aids childrens development by providing positive friendships, relationships, and social support, Killen adds. The downsides include the undue influence of a group when it imposes unfair standards, especially on outsiders, or members of outgroups, which is what is often created when peer s form an ingroup.Children may need help from adults when they face conflicts between loyalty to the group and fairness to outsiders, Killen says. They may be struggling to do the right thing and still stay on good terms with friends in the group, but not know how. If a child shows temper and anxiety about spending time with friends, this may signal conflicts in their peer group relationships.The researchers conducted extended interviews and surveys with representative groups of fourth- and eighth-graders from a Mid-Atlantic suburban area. whole were from middle income families and reflected U.S. ethnic backgrounds. They probed attitudes on a moral issue dividing up resources equally for those in and out of the group, and on a question of tradition (group t-shirts).Peer Pressure Begins in Childhood Peer Pressure EssaysPeer group influences affect children much earlier than researchers have suspected, finds a new University of Maryland-led study. The researchers say it provide s a wake-up call to parents and educators to look out for undue group influences, cliquishness and biases that might set in early, the researchers say.The study appears in the May/June 2013 issue of Child Development, and is available online. The researchers say their work represents a new line of research what they call group dynamics of childhood. No prior research has investigated what children think about challenging groups that act in ways that are unfair or nontraditional, they note.The findings refute an older view that conflicts between group loyalty and fairness are not yet part of elementary-school aged childrens everyday interactions.This is not just an adolescent issue, says University of Maryland developmental psychologist Melanie Killen, the studys lead researcher. Peer group pressure begins in elementary schools, as early as age nine. Its what kids actually encounter there on any given day.Even at this earlier age, children show moral independence and will stand up t o the group, Killen adds. But it is also a setting where the seeds of group prejudices can develop, if not checked.Parents and teachers often miss childrens nascent understanding of group dynamics, as well as kids willingness to buck to the pressure, Killen explains. Children begin to figure out the costs and consequences of resisting peer group pressure early. By adolescence, they find it only gets more complicated.The emergence of peer groups in elementary school aids childrens development by providing positive friendships, relationships, and social support, Killen adds. The downsides include the undue influence of a group when it imposes unfair standards, especially on outsiders, or members of outgroups, which is what is often created when peers form an ingroup.Children may need help from adults when they face conflicts between loyalty to the group and fairness to outsiders, Killen says. They may be struggling to do the right thing and still stay on good terms with friends in th e group, but not know how. If a child shows discomfort and anxiety about spending time with friends, this may signal conflicts in their peer group relationships.The researchers conducted extended interviews and surveys with representative groups of fourth- and eighth-graders from a Mid-Atlantic suburban area. All were from middle income families and reflected U.S. ethnic backgrounds. They probed attitudes on a moral issue dividing up resources equally for those in and out of the group, and on a question of tradition (group t-shirts).

Peer Pressure Begins in Childhood :: Peer Pressure Essays

Peer collection makes affect electric razorren much earlier than researchers have suspected, encounters a new University of Maryland-led study. The researchers arrange it provides a wake-up call to pargonnts and educators to look out for undue group influences, cliquishness and biases that might set in early, the researchers say.The study appears in the May/June 2013 issue of babe Development, and is on tap(predicate) online. The researchers say their work represents a new line of research what they call group dynamics of childhood. No prior research has investigated what children think about(predicate) contest groups that act in ways that are unfair or non customsal, they none.The findings refute an older view that conflicts between group loyalty and fair-mindedness are not yet part of bare(a)-school aged childrens everyday interactions.This is not just an adolescent issue, says University of Maryland developmental psychologist Melanie Killen, the studys lead researcher . Peer group pressure begins in elementary schools, as early as age nine. Its what kids actually encounter there on any given day.Even at this earlier age, children guide moralistic independence and will stand up to the group, Killen adds. But it is also a setting where the seeds of group prejudices can develop, if not checked.Parents and teachers often miss childrens emergent understand of group dynamics, as well as kids willingness to buck to the pressure, Killen explains. Children begin to figure out the costs and consequences of resisting peer group pressure early. By adolescence, they find it unaccompanied gets more complicated.The emergence of peer groups in elementary school aids childrens development by providing positive friendships, relationships, and social support, Killen adds. The downsides include the undue influence of a group when it imposes unfair standards, especially on outsiders, or members of outgroups, which is what is often created when peers form an ing roup.Children may need help from adults when they face conflicts between loyalty to the group and fairness to outsiders, Killen says. They may be struggling to do the right thing and still stay on good terms with friends in the group, but not know how. If a child shows discomfort and anxiety about spending time with friends, this may signal conflicts in their peer group relationships.The researchers conducted extended interviews and surveys with representative groups of fourth- and eighth-graders from a eastern suburban area. All were from middle income families and reflected U.S. ethnic backgrounds. They probed attitudes on a moral issue dividing up resources equally for those in and out of the group, and on a headway of tradition (group t-shirts).Peer Pressure Begins in Childhood Peer Pressure EssaysPeer group influences affect children much earlier than researchers have suspected, finds a new University of Maryland-led study. The researchers say it provides a wake-up call t o parents and educators to look out for undue group influences, cliquishness and biases that might set in early, the researchers say.The study appears in the May/June 2013 issue of Child Development, and is available online. The researchers say their work represents a new line of research what they call group dynamics of childhood. No prior research has investigated what children think about challenging groups that act in ways that are unfair or nontraditional, they note.The findings refute an older view that conflicts between group loyalty and fairness are not yet part of elementary-school aged childrens everyday interactions.This is not just an adolescent issue, says University of Maryland developmental psychologist Melanie Killen, the studys lead researcher. Peer group pressure begins in elementary schools, as early as age nine. Its what kids actually encounter there on any given day.Even at this earlier age, children show moral independence and will stand up to the group, Kille n adds. But it is also a setting where the seeds of group prejudices can develop, if not checked.Parents and teachers often miss childrens nascent understanding of group dynamics, as well as kids willingness to buck to the pressure, Killen explains. Children begin to figure out the costs and consequences of resisting peer group pressure early. By adolescence, they find it only gets more complicated.The emergence of peer groups in elementary school aids childrens development by providing positive friendships, relationships, and social support, Killen adds. The downsides include the undue influence of a group when it imposes unfair standards, especially on outsiders, or members of outgroups, which is what is often created when peers form an ingroup.Children may need help from adults when they face conflicts between loyalty to the group and fairness to outsiders, Killen says. They may be struggling to do the right thing and still stay on good terms with friends in the group, but not k now how. If a child shows discomfort and anxiety about spending time with friends, this may signal conflicts in their peer group relationships.The researchers conducted extended interviews and surveys with representative groups of fourth- and eighth-graders from a Mid-Atlantic suburban area. All were from middle income families and reflected U.S. ethnic backgrounds. They probed attitudes on a moral issue dividing up resources equally for those in and out of the group, and on a question of tradition (group t-shirts).

Oriet Gadish – Ceo of Bain & Co

I cease up endureings for the number twain person in he military after the chief of staff. It was a pretty exciting ass to be because e very(prenominal)(prenominal) of the Information-?everything actu on the wholey-?was coordinated through on that point. I intimate to deal with an d occupyful lot of Information, to be very responsible, and to go away long hours. scarce oerly, when thither were dismantlets passing play on, I was in the war room, which is a pretty confined space, and I learned to keep respect for other muckle b atomic number 18ly also non to be intimidated by them, because theyre plenty. I call back that sincerely helped me posterior on through aside my c beer.I also saw people making sincere(a)ly important findings, life and death decisions, and I realized that you chiffonier al way of lifes sustain to put up perfect Information, cytosine percent of what you need, In h eitherow to make a decision. Later on, when I think nigh the way we do line of merchandise at perturb, where we emphasize providing clients with solutions that are practical rather than perfect and where we often stomach to make decisions based on imperfect cultivation, I think indorse to those days. And it just reinforces the psyche that you can of all time give perfect information in order to make a decision.I think I was tongue to escort that fully at the time exactly it has certainly Influenced me. The army also exposed me to all different kinds of people. The Israeli army brings to dish kayoed a shither people from more different cultures because Israel Is very much an Immigrant country it unflustered Is. The Israeli is a brusk bit European, a pocket-sized bit Middle Eastern, a dinky bit American, and within those broad groups there are so many different cultures as well. From Europe, for example, the Israeli is a little bit German, a little bit Polish, a little bit French, a little bit-?you name it.And so I learned to be aware of different cultures and to tolerate deferential opinions. And manyhow I hind all of that influenced me as well, although again I was probably as well as young to register It at the time. by and by the army, I got my undergraduate degree In psychology at the Hebraical University. I whence started my doctorate, decided thats not what I wanted to do and, long story, I ended up in the United States at Harvard Business School. The HUBS Experience My MBA has played an incredibly important role in my career.I wouldnt be where I am at once without it. Saddles -1- Initially, I rig out to earn a Doctorate in Business Administration (DAB) and planned to get an MBA along the way. I had imagined I was going to teach. So I started with the combined architectural plan that four or five of us got into, which meant you could do the MBA and the DAB in four years. erect to be on the safe side, I decided to finish the MBA first. After that, when I started my DAB, I decided that business was not something I wanted to teach. It was something I wanted to practice. O walkout an MBA, I probably wouldnt be doing what Im doing at all and I might not even be in this country. HUBS was, in effect, the only school I applied to, mostly because it didnt require a background in economics or other subjects as most business schools did. I also had a friend who had studied at HUBS, and when he talk of the towned close to the experience it seemed very interesting. So I decided to submit an application. I actually wrote it in Hebrew and had somebody translate it for me. Then, on the nose to be on the safe side, I also in additionk that application to Wharton and they accepted me, literally, on the spot.They were also going to give me a scholarship, notwithstanding I would have had to study statistics during the summer and I decided I didnt want to do that. So I came to Harvard, which didnt give scholarships for the MBA program. Also, inflation was actually high at the time so it w as expensive to take out a loan. unless because I was also in the DAB program, I got a scholarship for my doctoral work, which, when I didnt finish the DAB, became a standing loan. That was the only way I could afford HUBS and get through the program. HUBS was my introduction to the United States.I would read cases with my dictionary. I hush look on the first case. It was eleven pages including the exhibits and it besidesk me six hours to read. I was pretty desperate because literally every second word I had to grimace up in the dictionary. And the dictionary didnt give any business meaning to most of the words. For example, the dictionary described he word contri neverthelession as world something approximately giving to nonprofit organizations. So reading the cases was passing time consuming and steadfastly. And then I would take my dictionary to the classes or to exams. Exams were the worst.It would take me trey times as long to read an exam. Id always sit in the first row and if it was a actually long exam, Id write at the end, This took me triplet hours and twenty-five minutes to write, but heres what I would have d wiz had I had time to actually run the calculator. In class, I forced myself to speak even though that was difficult too because of the language. If I couldnt find a word, Id use six words to express the mood. I Just had to force myself to do things kindred that and thats how I learned English. I also had never seen television, but Id heard about advertisements.We didnt have TV advertisements in Israel there were none. So I went to a classmates dorm room and I would turn on the TV to see what the ads looked like. I also had never been to a large supermarket. So I went to a supermarket to see what it looked like and how products were set up and so on and so forth. One time, we had a final exam on cereal, something that I had never tasted. I still dont like it, but at the time, I didnt eff what it was and I couldnt imagine there were sixteen varieties and why would you want more? I also had no idea who Johnny Carson was.So I was learning quickly about the United States and its culture, and I was learning the language. I had no problem when there was a case in Turkey or almost anywhere international. tho I had a problem when Johnny Carson or cereal was part of the case. Gaudies -2- In school, I paid almost no attention to the feature that I was a woman. I had enough challenges learning English, reckoning out business issues, figuring out how to study even though I couldnt read English as quickly as my peers. In fact, I had one track where the cases were cardinal or fifty pages long.I went to the professor and I tell, Are there any particular cases that I should read? Because I can read each one of those every day Witt my Angels n. Ana en salad , Well, winy dont you Just all T ten class I thought to myself, Well, I dont intend to. And I did, actually, get an excellent grade in that class. I studied al l different areas of business as well. I think it was important for me to not get too focused on any one area at that early stage. Had I completed my doctoral program, I would have focused on trade because I was interested in that.But instead I took a broad mix of courses in my second year. I benefited from that and, actually, that absolutely has helped me throughout my career. I learned that you should be competent to focus on one or two things and be extremely good at them but if you lose your curiosity about other things youre not going to be good even in the few things you focus on. Youll be much too narrow minded or much too narrowly focused. The other interesting thing about HUBS was the case method. The first class I as in, I thought, This is nuts. Then I realized that it was a great teaching method because it forces you to be involved.It forces you to be a part of the discussion. It forces you to comprehend to the way other people think about a problem. Youre active as o pposed to Just passively listening to a lecture. And it allows you to draw on things that are not in the case but that maybe you learned that morning in marketing. I am on the HUBS Visiting Committee and every now and then they teach a case. I Just love it. I really enjoy it. And again, almost always in real life you make decisions based on imperfect information to some degree, and the case method is a good exercise to prepare you for that.Early Career Its very hard when you are Just coming out of an MBA program to figure out what life is really going to be like and bid for a Job. But I was drawn to consulting because of the problem-solving part of it, which has always been my interest. And what I loved about Pain and Company was how practical it was. It was not about reports it was about results. Its still not about reports. Its still about results. I have still never looked at a report. I dont think there is any other consultant who can say that.And it was very clear, when Bill Pa in talked about the favorable club, that he and the other people at Pain were passionate about results. Focusing on results calls for a different way of doing consulting. Now, mind you, I could barely write good English so the idea of not writing reports was a big plus for me. But I liked the idea that you really were thinking about results and implementation and not Just a report. That causes you to think about how youre going to communicate with clients, what youre going to communicate, and how perfect the information has to be to find a workable solution.Thats different from happily consulting, where the focus is to induce clients that the solution is theirs and that its the right solution for them so they Gaudies -3- will implement it. At Pain, it was all about solutions and implementation, and that appealed to me. Bill Pain had been the number two guy at Boston Consulting Group (BCC) and, by all accounts, was going to be running BCC eventually. But his idea of focusing on re sults was at the time a fundamentally different way of approaching consulting.BCC focuses on ideas and on developing tools that we all still use directly and I give them credit because theyre fantastic tools. But Bill wanted to take it a step further and not Just leave clients with ideas. He wanted to focus on results, not reports. That was revolutionary at the time. Changing course for a boat that was working very well-?and BCC was doing extremely well and was very highly regarded -?would not nave Eden easy. So 3111 tarter Nils own consulting Tall. I Nat was ten Pain I Joined and thats how we differentiate ourselves from our competitors.Being anchored in this idea of results not reports keeps us focused. So were constantly asking ourselves, when I call Monday morning at 800, what is the client actually owing to have to do in order to make our recommendations happen? The case is not finished unless we know what steps hes going to take to implement the solution. And theres something I call the 80-100 rule, which factor you dont want a 100 percent perfect solution if an organization at this time in its history cannot implement it. Its better to have an 80 percent solution if the organization can implement it.Eighty times one is eighty 100 times zero is zero. This practical approach, focusing on system and results, is what we call our True North. And with that you have meeting you can evolve around and build on. Everybody in the organization knows that that is the core of what we do. You can build advanced practices, you can experiment with new ideas, you can also move very quickly and change, as long as you know that this is the focus that youre all working toward. And I think it has served us very well. First Client My first major client was a party in the leaf blade industry, which was, at the time, an uncommon place for a woman.I worked in the steel industry for about five years. We worked on all different aspects of the industry, but at the end of the ay one of the things we figured out was how they could save an awful lot of money by perpetually plaster cast almost 100 percent of the steel. At that time, there was some continuous casting going on, mainly in Japan, but it was more common to reset the production processes for every different type of steel needed. We disc all overed, however, that if the company could move to continuous casting, they would be able to save between $80 and $100 per ton.The issue was that in order to continuously cast steel, you could use only one mix. But there are many different varieties of steel, requiring different mixes, that different customers need. There are different alloys you add to steel to make it higher(prenominal) quality, lower quality, stronger, softer-?whatever. But we thought if we could trend the number of steel varieties and the number of mixes used, we could introduce continuous casting and save a lot in the production process. That was unheard of in the United States. Gaudi es -4- Everybody said, No, customers wont want it. So I went and talked to customers and found that they actually would be capable to do that. We found that there were a lot of customers who were perfectly happy to take a higher-quality steel as long as they didnt have to pay much more for it. Then I was stuck with a metallurgist who said that it could not be done. He explained to me why there are 300 different kinds of steel. I didnt know anything about metallurgy but I went through all of the varieties of steel and had him explain to me what each one of those steels was meant for and then I asked questions and triggered him to think. If we added aluminum to this, would this still satisfy this kind of customer? He said, Oh, yes, that would be much higher quality than they need. We were able to bring the number of varieties down room 300-and-some to thirty. By the end of the discussion, the guy absolutely believed I knew metallurgy, which I did not. It was Just this practical way of working. The company did indeed build a continuous caster, and they did indeed save a lot of money, and they did indeed turn around from existence number I dont know what to Deluge under one In proactively In ten country.I gnats an example AT ten work we 00 at Pain. Its invigorating to have real impact like that. Being a Woman in Business The first time we met with both the CEO and the SCOFF of the steel company, I had two presentations to give. I was with one of the founders of Pain. My manager was there too. In fact, I was the most Junior person there. At one point, the SCOFF was talking about how he was going to arrange a tour for us of the other steel companies. In the steel industry, companies shared a lot of information with each other. They still do in order to prevent accidents and so on, for safety reasons.Anywayay, the SCOFF was talking quite enthusiastically about arranging a tour for us and then he stopped and froze. He was looking at me and then he said, Well, I do nt know about Root. Nobody had any clue what he was talking about. Then he said, Well, you see, women are considered bad luck in our industry, and everybody froze, the CEO and all the people in our group from Pain and Company. I Just turned around and said, Well, in that case, I think that you should make sure that I go to every single one of your competitors. That broke the ice and that was it.I went on to work in the steel industry for five years. I loved it. They even made a special hat for me. It said, Root Gaudies and then it said, The subaltern Light Will Lead Us, because my name Root comes from the Hebrew word for light. I was definitely one of the guys and I enjoyed it. Actually, there was one other jocund story. In the steel industry, people used to use a lot of four-letter words. At the starting, people would realize I was there and it would make them uncomfortable. They say, Oops Im sorry. Theres a lady in the room. I remember once sitting in a room with the guy wh o later became the CEO.And he said something that had a four-letter word in it, and suddenly he said, Oh, theres a lady in Gaudies -5- the room. And he turned to me and he said, miss, and as I was saying to you yesterday, Root, and he repeated it again so he actually made a point, which is kind f fun. Another time, there was a big meeting and this was clearly holding everybody up. So I looked for the right time and I used one of those four-letter words in a sentence the way they did, and that was it. They were comfortable talking again. And then we were Just working and moving forward in concert.I thought, if thats the language here, then thats fine. The lesson I learned was never to take it personally when somebody thought that a woman couldnt do something, whether it was a client or even a colleague at Pain. For example, once at Pain, very early on, one of the menders, one of the managers, and I were visiting a client. At one point, the founder said, Dan, why dont you go and talk to X? Root, why dont you go and talk to-?oh Actually, Im not sure how hed react to a woman. I didnt say anything then but the next day, I knocked on his door and said, Did you realize what you did yesterday? And he said, No. What did I do? I told him and then I said, l completely understand. But if I dont get a chance, then none of us, not Pain, not you, and not l, will ever know if I can actually talk to people like that and if we can have a productive conversation. He was very thoughtful. And the next time we went together to a meeting, he gave me a chance to have an important conversation. The conversation went well and that was that. I had taken some responsibility for managing the situation. I hadnt gotten upset. And I knew that this was not personal. It was the same with clients.Id walk in Ana teen would always assume Tanat I was ten most Junior person. I learned to use either a sense of humor or other little tricks to force them to forget that I was a woman and to Just foc us on what we were doing. One time, for example, I was with he CEO of a company in the Midwest. Id actually been on the case for a while. I was a manager. I had a brand new consultant with me, a young guy named Paul. We were sitting talking with the CEO. I would ask a question and the CEO would listen to me and then he would lease his response to Paul. It made it difficult for us to really engage in a discussion.So when the CEO went out to say something to his secretary, I told Paul, Every time I ask a question, when Im done, Just look at me, so the guy will get tired of looking at your ear. Hell have to look at me as well. And, honest to God, Alfa an hour later, the guy was Just looking at me and we had a good discussion, and we continued to have good discussions after that. I never had to say a word. You can have a sense of humor. You can know that its not personal. And you can Just find creative ways to mould the problem. But at the end of the day, the most important thing is that you deliver. Thats not unlike what guys have to do.And frankly, in most cases, once people get over the fact that youre a woman and start focusing on what youre saying and what youre doing and the results that you provide, the fact that oer a woman is completely forgotten. Its like in the steel business. After a certain point, I dont think they could even remember that at one point in time that they even thought about me being a woman versus a man. The Automotive Industry Later, I worked in the automotive industry with a major car company. We started with two little projects but quickly discovered something not related to either one of those Gaudies -6- projects.We realized there was too much complexity in the number of options for cars being offered. Basically, you could have any combination of options you wanted. So the car manufacturers were producing cars with all kinds of options, and not necessarily based on market studies of the combinations customers preferred. So there were either too many cars that people were not particularly interested in or it would take a year to get your car with the options you wanted. We calculated that there were about ten billion combinations of Just about every car line they had and that was, of course, absurd.That didnt make sense for suppliers, for dealers, or for manufacturers. So we came up with a program to reduce the number of combinations of cars made in the plant from ten billion to Just fourteen. If somebody wanted a special car, they could still order it but it would take longer. To reduce the number of combinations so dramatically, we went back and looked at all the cars that were purchased. From all of that data, we figured out which combinations people preferred. Our findings were pretty intuitive actually. The salespeople said the dealers would hate it.In fact, the dealers were rhapsodic because too often they had cars sitting on the lot that nobody wanted. The customers liked it because we had figured o ut the options they tended to prefer so they werent walking away with options they didnt really want. And of course the manufacturing team loved it because you could save a hell of a lot of money by streamlining production and limiting the number of combinations you had to manufacture. Initially, neither the salespeople nor the marketing people liked it, because they really believed that customers wanted all Kolas AT pitons.From ten time AT Hoar, when you could n any color you wanted as long as it was black, to Sloane, where you could have absolutely anything you wanted, the industry had gone from one extreme to the other. To make a long story short, we were able to convince the marketing and sales people that this would work. And eventually we were able to come up with this program, which reduced the time to delivery from months and months to days. And throughout the entire system, from the suppliers to the manufacturers to the dealers, we ended up saving this company on the order of $9. Billion a year. This was in the late sass. Id say the company was proud of our work and we were proud of our work. We learned some of this from Toyota and Ionians. But you learn from wherever you can. If youre really good at what you do, you learn in one industry from what somebody doing in another industry. Thats one of the benefits of working on a broad set of issues in diverse industries and always bringing them into whatever youre doing. Hard Times at Pain After all of these years, I think dwelling on precisely what happened is kind of irrelevant.The fact is that the founders of Pain started to take some money out. They had some bad advice from an investment funds banker and they took too much money out of the company. That meant the company was burdened with a lot of debt relative to its size, with a very high interest payment going forward. The model they had used was based on the company growing at a refit of 50 percent a year. Although the company had grown at Gaudies -7- that rate in the past, it was, of course, not practical. To make a long story short, that was an unsustainable model.The first inkling the rest of us had of the situation was when the founder fired people, which was a complete break in the unwritten social agreement that existed at Pain and Company. Because were a consulting firm and this was an SOP, the labor department eventually made the whole transaction public. Thats how the rest of us learned what, exactly, was happening. After that, we had to turn around the company without the founder. But Ill give Bill Pain credit he was the first one to realize that he had made a mistake. He asked Mitt Rooney to come and help and then Bill Pain worked hard to try and help turn the situation around.The founders had to give back some money. We had to negotiate with banks, and so on and so forth. But its a situation that very few service firms have ever survived. In fact, we were told by an investment bank that we were not going to survi ve. But we asked Mitt Rooney, who was then head of Pain Capital and had been Vice president of Pain and Company, to come back. He really helped us negotiate tit the banks and handled other issues related to the situation so that the rest of us could focus on our clients and on our people, since those were the only assets we had left.Reputation is the third asset a company like ours has, and that was shaky given the fact that the story was in the news. So the rest of us focused on clients and on our people. We worked hard too to make sure that our most important people didnt defect. Headhunters were calling every single person in the company. We also focused on our clients. Our animate clients knew what we were doing to resolve the rises so we were okay there. It was more difficult when we went to beauty contests Tort prospective new clients Ana our competitors would leave ten latest Fortune or Forbes or whatever saying what was going on at Pain.It was getting those new clients tha t mattered most to us. And thats what we focused on. Internally, we had a few defections. But when I think back, there was only one major defection, in terms of the key people, that I really felt bad about. So we managed to avoid mass defections. I remember one day somebody came into my office and said, l want to talk to you about a Job offer. I was vice president, and I was a real open door, so these people felt comfortable talking to me. And I thought, in this particular case, this guy is so much better at consulting than he would be at what he was going to do, and I said that to him.He said, Well, but I dont want to be the last one here. Everybodys talking to headhunters. Isnt that right? I realized he was right. So I called every headhunter I was talking to and said, Dont call me, which was actually taking a risk. I decided to mystify with Pain and Company unless things fell apart. So the next time somebody name into my office and said, Everybodys talking to headhunters, I was able to say in all honesty, Well, Im not. Im absolutely committed to staying here. Soon after, the first guy came back to me to tell me that he too had decided to stay at Pain after I told him I wasnt going anywhere.And I asked him to do something that was very counterintuitive. I asked him to go out and tell people that he had received a Job offer, that he had seriously considered taking it, that he had in fact said yes to the offer Gaudies -8- and that he had decided instead to stay with Pain. He said, I can do that. You dont do those things. You dont want people to know. I said, What? You told me that everybodys talking about leaving, or at least talking to headhunters, but nobody talking about the fact that they have decided to stay.I think its a pretty powerful story. So he hesitated, and then he agreed to spread the word about his decision. That was the beginning of a reversal of what could have been a mass defection. I then became chairman, but I perceive the leadership o f this firm as a federation. The partnership really is what comes first when we think about our governance. I was chosen through a selection process by all of the partners. The key criteria centered on people who are very good at what we do in our business.Throughout the history of Pain and Company, our selection of leaders centers on the people here who have the most impact with clients. We wanted a chairman who would serve as a role model in that. So in our company, people in aged positions continue to work with clients and not Just to sell but also to do the real consulting work. I still have clients I work with, and its the only way to (a) keep me interested, (b) keep me up to date on whats really going on with clients, with our company, with our team, etc. And (c) keep the consulting we do strong.If you take senior people away from the consulting, which they are good at, and shift them to doing only administrative work or selling or public speaking-?all of which we do too of course-?then their experience is not available to the clients and its not available as mentoring to your own team. So I agreed to become chairman on the civilise that I would be able to continue to work with clients. I think that sets us apart from other professional service firms. Today, all of our senior people, the ones who are the most highly regarded, continue to work tit clients and, most importantly, they want to continue to work with clients.The clients are always canalling. I en problems are always canalling. So Its Important to keep learning. This is a pretty exciting business because of that. And, in my case, I play an international role as well. I work with international Coos. And I mean I really work with them, I do not Just interact with them. Its very exciting to see how Coos think, how governing body and business interact in different countries, how culture affects business, etc. Its fascinating. I love the international aspect of my work. I Just sis I didnt have t o travel so much for it. I dont like to travel, but I love what I do when I get there.In terms of time management, I used to say that I spend 70 percent of my time with clients. Thats probably true but I probably work more than 100 percent of my time. But really you dont break it up that way. When Im abroad, for example, I might do client work in the morning. Then I might talk to U. S. Clients in the evening or talk with my secretary about administrative issues. I meet with our people in our various offices to talk about their clients or internal issues. I might be giving a beech in Germany, for example, and then work with people from the office on the way over there.If you have a lot of energy, you can put a lot of things together. Its not a precise science. It is not even a precise art, but it is an art. You Just have to have a lot of energy and to really love what youre doing. Gaudies -9- Critical Success Factors I dont tend to think about myself much. Im very goal oriented when I go forward. But I think a big part of what consulting does has to do with psychology and learning to really listen to what people are saying both verbally and nonverbally. Having a True North has also been key. It has kept us focused on dodging and results as inseparable.Strategy combined with results is very powerful. Strategy without results is meaningless, and results without strategic thinking may not be very productive or useful. So combining almost everything we do with strategic thinking and results is critical. There were times when we actually had to fight to keep that. We had a lot of discussions about it. We ended up calling it our True North, and today it is Just part of the language here and part of how we think about critical decisions. Well say, This is a real true- mating question, when we have a really difficult decision to make.We have even resigned from some pretty lucrative projects when we didnt believe that results were going to happen. We do it with dignity , after a lot of discussion, but those are hard things to do. For example, a large Fortune 50 company got into trouble. We were asked to come in and help them. We helped them turn around financially but we also saw they had to turn around strategically. This was one of our major clients. We were involved in almost every aspect of their business. Anywayay, the papers were writing about what a great turnaround they were doing, and so on and so forth.The CEO was on the cover of all kinds of magazines. But strategically, we believed that they could not be involved in the four businesses they were in-?that, eventually, they would not be able to sustain that business model. There was one business they clearly should have gotten out of, but it was part of the legacy of the CEO, and he didnt want to get out of it. We did all of the analysis and all of the people in the organization agreed with us. But we couldnt convince the CEO. For six months, I had discussions with him. We had data. We A na eve n Eng. Ana teen we Salad, Well, In Tanat case, we Delve Tanat you cant thrive.You may not even survive long-term. We suggested that they might want to sell themselves to somebody at that point, and we identified who might be the best purchaser for them. Instead of going that route, they continued on with the four businesses. We decided to tell the CEO what we thought, that not moving in a more forceful strategic way could cost him the company. Since he didnt budge, we said we would resign, although I asked him for permission to go to the board, which, to his reedit, he let us do. One of my colleagues and I went and presented our views to the board.The board was split but eventually decided to side with him, and that was that. We resigned. Less than a year later, they came back to us and said, Mimi were right, and could you please help us now. At that point, they had no option but to sell. They would not have been prepared to sell had we not pushed for that earlier. And we might not have suggested that had we not been following our true north. We really told them what we believed and even though there were lots of other things we old have continued to work with them on-?for tens of millions of dollars-?we really decided that was not the right thing to do.When they came back to us, we helped them sell. The social issues had Gaudies -II- been resolved by then. There was less money than they could have gotten the year ahead, but the shareholders still did pretty well. As the CEO and SCOFF said later on, If it werent for your guys and your willingness to stick to what you believed, we probably would be bankrupt. If you have a true north and a set of core values that you stick to, you will end up making decisions that have short-term costs. But I believe, at the end of the day, they will have a long-term value.Its not something you do easily. And it feels horrendous-?first because you feel like you failed to convince a client to do something, which is wh at consulting is all about, and second because of the short-term costs. Its a hit to the collective pocketbook and to your own. But when you have a true north like we do, its really what allows you to deal with internal divisions and external adversity at the end of the day, and I think were very lucky that we have that. I think it can create a distinctiveness from your peers or your mediators, and I think thats invaluable.Changes in the Industry I think the world has come back to where it was before the e-craze. There used to be consultants who were mostly focused on IT. There are companies that are focused mostly on informational stuff. And there are companies that are focused, as a headline, on strategy. Thats where we are except that we have always focused on the operations side as well as the strategy side of a business. We believe you cant do one without the other. And then there was a period during the e-craze when everybody tried to do everything. We didnt and I think it has served us well.

Half the Sky Documentary Evaluation

Half the Sky is a movie that discusses the oppression of women around the world. It brings to light the issues that, even in todays society, argon quieten occurring. Women, young adults, and children everywhere in the world are becoming victims to abuse, rape, and being deprived of getting an education. This film documents Nikolas Kristof going around the world with the help of head known deal in America to show most of the issues and some organizations that are earning to spay the appearance society views women and children. Early in the docudrama a shocking statistic was given.It stated that around 60 million to 100 million females are currently missing out of the population. Where are all of these women going, and how are we letting this happen in todays societies? Females all around the world are becoming victims of genital mutilation, sex trafficking, rape, and abuse. Half the Sky is shedding light into some of the cultures around the world where this is a norm, and is essay to promote awareness. It discusses the reasons why these events are still taking place in current cultures, and what we flush toilet do about it to change the way nation respond to these events.Some of the issues addressed in the movie Half the Sky are talking about women being oppressed in current societies. Women are constantly being put through human trafficking, violence, are being undereducated, and catching a ton of diseases from being raped. The people in this movie are trying to look at the issues of women not being treating equally and having the same rights as men in the 21st century. genius of the main reasons this is happening is because men are never even caught, and when they are most of the time are shown no consequences.An new(prenominal) issue that branch brought these issues in countries to light was that in China many females have gone missing due to the fact that it is more accepted to have a male born(p) into your family, not a female. Children, pri marily females, are being sold at shockingly young ages to brothels and are forced to be sex slaves. In so many countries it has become a norm for men to abuse women and use them as sex slaves. There are a few reasons there has been bittie progress made in changing the ways some cultures view women. One reason there has been no progress is because of the lack of punishment towards those hand the abuse.An example of this from Half the Sky is when they went into Sierra-Leone. There was a case where a teenage girl told her parents about her being raped by a relative, and they decided to press charges. After the man was captured, arrested, and placed in cast aside the family then became almost shunned by the community. After all this occurred the father in the family kicked the wife and child out. They said it was because the child had caused shame upon the family. Then the child forgave the man who had raped her, and many others, and he was released free thus, causing the cycle to begin all everywhere again.There is a huge lack of police forces investigating crimes, and men actually having consequences to their actions. A hard problem to solve is how we pot fix these problems and change the way so many people feel about women. Its a slow and grueling process, but eventually if everybody does there part we can make a difference and create equality for all women. In every culture theres at least one organization out there trying to change the way women and children are treated in their society. The greatest challenge is when you have outsiders coming into a community to talk about these issues.Many people within a culture are not going to listen to an outsider, so we really consume people within the communities to help change the way that society views the way their females are treated. We need people within the culture to empower others in that society to speak up and gain more followers. Secondly, we need to train societies to prosecute and investigate th ese crimes more thoroughly. If these countries dont have a strong justice system no changes can be made when those committing the crime dont hitch it as a crime.Thirdly, we need to educate children. Girls are likely to drop out of school at an age of fourteen or before to pasture for their family, whereas boys are likely to drop out at sixteen. Building an educated generation will help because then they can get a line of achievement and will not be caught in poverty like so many generations before them. Lastly, we need to bring all of these issues to light in countries that can help. We need more Americans to become aware of these issues, and reach out to help make them better.Nikolas Kristof said in Half the Sky, Once people pay attention, thats the first step towards a solution. All of this relates to sociology in many ways. One of the main ways it relates is because you see how something so looked down upon in one culture can be so socially acceptable in another culture. Whe n somebody is accused and prosecuted for rape in America they are put in jail for a long time, and receive consequences for their actions. If you go to say Sierra-Leone, or Cambodia the person accused of rape will almost 100% of the time walk external with no consequences.Its all a matter of perspective and your culture you live in. Everybody needs to learn to be more culturally aware, and learn to help other cultures that arent quite were we think they should be. Sociology is also related to Half the Sky because of the idea that it chases after women and children alone being oppressed. All in all, societies are all contrastive in one way or another. Sociology helps us to understand the reasons people may act one way opposed to another, and how we can all work together to make a difference.

Key Factors of the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay

The Cuban missile crisis of October 1962 is said to be the closest the world has ever devolve to nuclear war, even this instant in present times when arms are both more advanced and somewhat dispensable. It was the single most dangerous crisis of the cold war epoch and centred around Cuba in which the Soviet pairing were found by the United States to have secretly installed ballistic missiles.For fourteen days the fate of the world profane in the hands of the two superpower leaders, namely the President of the United States, John Fitzjerald Kennedy, and the leader of the Soviet gist, Nikita Khrushchev, while they deliberated whether or not to take host action against one another. Resolution of the crisis came close to as a result of both leaders coming to an agreement that said missiles would be dismantled and armament action would not be interpreted. Having said this there was conflict, tension and complication to endure prior to this agreement.It is important to have a f oulground understanding of what brought most the crisis before describing the resolving factors leading up to settlement. Carroll Quighey described how the pattern of a classic diplomatic crisis has 3 stages which are confrontation, recognition and finally settlement and we shall brass at the Cuban missile crisis with help from this pattern. As mentioned above, the first stage of a diplomatic crisis pattern is that of confrontation, described by Quighey as a dis ramblee- a power struggle in an area of conflict.In the case of the Cuban missile crisis the power struggle was between the United States and the Soviet unification and the area of conflict was Cuba. At this time, the Premier of Cuba was Fidel Castro. Relations between Cuba and the United States were poor and on April 17th, 1961, John F. Kennedy authorised an taste to overthrow the Cuban authoritarian in an event known as the Bay of Pigs invasion. Kennedys anti-Castro rebellion failed but made the Cuban dictator wary of another US attempt to invade or blast.It was then that the Soviet Union increased its support for Fidel Castros Cuban Regime and secretly installed the ballistic missiles in Cuba. Kennedy was left in the benighted about the missiles until Tuesday 16th October. McGeorge Bundy, the Presidents National Security Advisor, handed Kennedy photos taken secretly from U-2 planes which conveyed nuclear-armed missiles being set up on the island of Cuba by Soviet soldiers. It was concluded that said missiles were of an offensive nature and that action needed to be taken against this nuclear threat.John Gaddis suggested it was the largest amphibious operation the Soviet Union had ever mounted. When confronted Khrushchev claimed that it was a form of humanitarian aid and his intensions were to save Castros revolution from another American invasion. Contrary to this is the opinion that the Soviet Union leader saw personal opportunity in the missile instalment as a means of amending the strategic imbalance between the Soviet Union and the United States.It was all part of the arms race and the presence of Russian missiles in Cuba had drastically altered the balance of world power . Having said this, Khrushchev did not deprivation to start a war and allegedly declared of the Americans Every idiot can start a war but it is impossible to win this wartherefore the missiles have one purpose- to scare them. Whether motive for Cuban protection or self gain, the tension between the Americans and the Soviet Union worsen and Kennedy recognised that something would have to be done.This takes us into the next stage as described by Quighey- recognition. Kennedy was strong aware that action needed to be taken to resolve the growing conflict between the two superpowers but was unsure as to whether to take the diplomatic or military route of resolution. John Gaddis claims that early(a) critics went as far as to say that he (Kennedy) would have risked a nuclear war rather than trade eve n worthless missiles in flop yet as will be revealed they could not have been more wrong.Choosing to declare nuclear war against the Soviets would have brought global devastation. The American Political acquisition Review stated that had the worst occurred, the death of 100 million Americans, over 100 million Russians, and millions of Eu roofyans (as well) would make previous natural calamities and inhumanities appear insignificant or else Kennedy could choose not to act and allow the Soviets to continue their collection of nuclear weapons yet this would mean that there would always be concern and uncertainty that the Soviet Union would attack at a later date.There was also concern that should he not confront the Soviets and allow multiplication of arms in Cuba to continue there would be a backlash from the many countries of the Western Hemisphere whose safety would be in jeopardy. How the resolution of the crisis would come about was in the hands of the superpower leaders and Khr ushchev was for a few days unaware both that the United States government knew the extent of weaponry which was kept in Cuba and that they had photographic evidence.Allegedly Georgi Bolshakov whom was relied upon by both leaders for highly sensitive communications even lied to the President face to face on the 18th October (about the missiles) by which time John F. Kennedy knew what was happening. The fact that Khrushchev was unaware of how clued up Kennedy actually was gave the President the advantage of time to weigh up his options. In an attempt to come to a decision as to how all could be resolved, Kennedy called for a meeting with 14 of his most trusted associates and during their discussion they circled different strategies.This group was known as the Ex Comm. At this point his focus was on military options and how to mute the crisis for a period of time until they had made a plan. Khrushchev remaining in the dark gave them an advantage. The first was to do nothing and to igno re the missiles in Cuba but this was ruled out as Kennedys concern for a Soviet surprise attack at a later date was great. The second option was negotiation. The United States would remove their nuclear missiles from Italy and Turkey in return for the Soviet Union rase those missiles in Cuba.The third option was to invade Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Castro and in doing so ensure the Soviet Union could no longer work Cuba as a military base. This plan was too much a reminder of the Bay of Pigs invasion failure however and was also ruled out. In addition they discussed the option of a naval blockade whereby the United States would prevent Russian delivery of military equipment from r distributivelying Cuba by using naval forces. at long last considered was the bombing of missile bases via an air strike as well as simply using nuclear weapons against Cuba and/or the Soviet Union yet each of these were unappealing and seemed more likely to result in failure than not. Gaddis descri bes how although the general consensus was in favour of an attack rather than a more diplomatic resolution, Kennedy could not be swayed. He secretly recorded his meetings and the tapes show him repeatedly pushing for a compromise by saying we cant very well invade Cuba when we could have gotten (the Soviet missiles) ut by making a deal on the same missiles in Turkey.Further clarifying his involuntariness to invade was a statement he made following his public statement about the Soviet missiles in Cuba where he was quoted as saying though a lot of people want to invade Cuba. I would be opposed to it today. A naval blockade was eventually decided upon. Kennedy organised a line of US navy ships 500 miles off the Cuban coast- this line was labelled a isolate line. The purpose of the quarantine line was to cut back the delivery of nuclear arms from the USSR to the island.Once the decision had been made a speech was prepared by Theadore Sorensen, an associate of Kennedy, explaining to the world the reasons for why it was necessary for the quarantine line to be in place. Even although the majority of Americans were pleased with this decision, in many cities elsewhere Kennedys choice of action was unpopular. This resulted in demonstrations and protest about the possibility of nuclear war. Having said this, the U. S. S. R seemed to accept the blockade without lashing out.The first break in the tension-filled impasse camewhen a dozen of the twenty five-spot Russian ships en route to Cuba either altered or reversed their course Khrushchev and Kennedy contacted each other through letters. As mentioned previously Khrushchev did not want to enter a nuclear war and merely warned Kennedy against it as well. He wrote to Kennedy personally saying be careful, as we both tug at the ends of the rope in which we have tied the knot of war conveying that war was not what he had intended .On October 26th, after the naval blockade was put in place, Khrushchev wrote to Kennedy. In h is letter he requested that the naval blockade be lifted and for Kennedys word that the United States would not invade Cuba. In return, the Soviet Union would dismantle and remove the missiles as well as stop shipments of weapons to Cuba. Carol Quighey described his letter as long and confused and stated that its tone clearly showed his personal panic .Merely a day later Khrushchev sent another letter demanding that the United States remove their nuclear bases in Turkey. Prior to replying to either, Kennedy consulted his brother, Attorney General Bobby Kennedy. Bobby is credited for showing political astuteness needed to resolve the ever more complex situation by robin Cross. Bobby suggested that Kennedy reply only to the first letter and disregard the second. Thus therefore, Kennedy wrote to Khrushchev agreeing not to invade Cuba and to lift the naval blockade if the missile bases from Cuba were removed.On Saturday 27th October the Soviet Foreign Officer published a very different text that suggested a deal had been made not only to take down the missile bases in Cuba but also those in Turkey. Kennedy had replied only to the first letter and ignored the second request involving Turkey. Despite the fact that said Turkey bases were to be dismantled regardless of Soviet interest, the White House rejected this publication and stated that they would remove the naval blockade in exchange for removal of Soviet missiles in Cuba and promise not to invade Cuba.On the following Sunday, Khrushchev announced his acceptance. Work on missile sites was stopped and dismantled under careful expression of the UN. To conclude, ultimately Kennedy prevailed and resolved the deathly fear of a nuclear war from within Cuba. Walter Trohan wrote about the Cuban missile crisis in the New York Tribute in November 1962 that for the first time in twenty years the Americans can carry their head high because the President of the United States has stood up to the Premier of Russia and made h im back down.

The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Five

Lovely house, sea dog express, as he was led hands still bound through the grand entrance of Belgrave.He turned to the old lady. Did you decorate? It has that wo cosmoss touch. scat Eversleigh was trailing behind, but he could hear her choke back a bubble of laughter.Oh, allow it out, Miss Eversleigh, he called over his shoulder. Much better for your constitution.This way, the dowager ordered, motioning for him to follow her down the hall.Should I obey, Miss Eversleigh?She did non reply, smart girl that she was. But he was far too brutal for circumspect sympathy, so he took his insolence unity step further. Yoo-hoo Miss Eversleigh Did you hear me?Of course she heard you, the dowager snapped angrily. scalawag pause, cocking his head as he regarded the dowager. I opinion you were overjoyed to make my acquaintance.I am, she bit off.Hmmm. He turned to Miss Eversleigh, who had caught up to them during the exchange. I dont imply she sounds overjoyed, Miss Eversleigh. Do you?Miss Eversleighs look darted from him to her employer and back before she said, The dowager duchess is most eager to accept you into her family.Well said, Miss Eversleigh, he applauded. Insightful and yet circumspect. He turned back to the dowager. I necessity you pay her well.Two red spots appe bed on the dowagers cheeks, in much(prenominal) stark relief to the white of her skin that he would puddle sworn shed used rouge if he hadnt seen the angry marks appear with his own eyes. You be dismissed, she ordered, not even looking at Miss Eversleigh.I am? he feigned. Lovely. He held out his bound wrists. Would you mind? non you, her. His grandmothers jaw clenched. As you well whop.But scallywag was not in the mood to be accommodating, and in that import he did not even c ar to maintain his usual jocular facade. And so he looked her in the eye, his green meeting her icy, icy blue, and as he spoke, he felt a shiver of deja vu. It was almost as if he were back on the Continent, back in battle, his shoulders straight and his eyes contract as he faced down the enemy.She stays.They froze, all three of them, and pricks eyes did not waver from the dowagers as he continued. You brought her into this. She will prevail through to the end.He half expected Miss Eversleigh to protest. Hell, any sane per password would pick up run as far as possible from the upcoming confrontation. But she stood blamelessly still, her arms stick-straight at her sides, her only movement her throat as she swallowed.If you want me, he said quietly, you will take her as well.The dowager sucked a long, angry snorkel through her nose and jerked her head to the side. favor, she barked, the crimson drawing room. Now.Her name was Grace. He turned and looked at her. Her skin was pale and her eyes were wide and assessing.Grace. He c ar it. It fit her.Dont you want to know my name? he called out to the dowager, who was already stalking down the hall.She stopped and turned, as he k sore she wou ld.Its John, he announced, enjoying the way the billet drained from her face. mother fucker to friends he looked at Grace with heavy-lidded seduction in his eyes and friends.He could concur sworn he felt her shiver, which delighted him. atomic number 18 we? he murmured.Her lips parted a full second before she managed to make a sound. Are we what?Friends, of course.I I Will you leave my companion merely the dowager barked.He sighed and shook his head toward Miss Eversleigh. Shes so domineering, dont you think?Miss Eversleigh blushed. Truly, it was the prettiest pink hed ever seen.Pity about these bindings, he continued. We do seem to be caught in a romantic moment, your employers acidic presence aside, and it would be far easier to drop genius exquisite kiss on the back of your hand were I able to lift it with nonpareil of mine.This time he was certain she shivered.Or your mouth, he whispered. I might kiss your mouth.There was a lovely silence, wiped out(p) or else rudely byWhat the devil?Miss Eversleigh jumped back a foot or three, and Jack turned to see an extremely angry man striding his way.Is this man bothering you, Grace? he demanded.She shook her head quickly. No, no, hes not. But The newcomer turned to Jack with furious blue eyes. Furious blue eyes that rather blockly resembled those of the dowager, save for the bags and wrinkles. Who are you?Who are you? Jack countered, instantly disliking him.I am Wyndham, he shot back. And you are in my home.Jack blinked. A cousin. His new family was growing more charming by the second. Ah. Well, in that case, I am Jack Audley. Formerly of His Majestys esteemed army, more recently of the dusty road.Who are these Audleys? the dowager demanded, pass back over. You are no Audley. It is there in your face. In your nose and chin and in e rattling bloody feature save your eyes, which are rather the wrong color.The wrong color? Jack responded, acting hurt. Really? He turned to Miss Eversleigh. I was al ship way told the ladies like green eyes. Was I misinformed?You are a Cavendish the dowager roared. You are a Cavendish, and I demand to know why I was not informed of your existence.What the devil is going on? Wyndham demanded.Jack thought it wasnt his duty to answer, so he happily kept quiet.Grace? Wyndham asked, act to Miss Eversleigh.Jack watched the exchange with interest. They were friends, but were they friendly? He could not be sure.Miss Eversleigh swallowed with noticeable discomfort. Your grace, she said, perhaps a word in private?And spoil it for the rest of us? Jack chimed in, because after what hed been subjected to, he didnt much purport that anyvirtuoso deserved a moment of privacy. And then, to achieve maximum irritation, he added, After all Ive been throughHe is your cousin, the dowager announced sharply.He is the highwayman, Miss Eversleigh said.Not, Jack added, turning to display his bound hands, here of my own volition, I assure you.Your grandmother thought she reco gnized him last darkness, Miss Eversleigh told the duke.I knew I recognized him, the dowager snapped. Jack resisted the urge to duck as she flicked her hand at him. Just look at him.Jack turned to the duke. I was wearing a mask. Because really, he shouldnt withstand to take the blame for this.He smiled cheerfully, watching the duke with interest as he brought his hand to his forehead and pressed his temples with enough force to crush his skull. And then, safe like that, his hand fell away and he yelled, CecilJack was about to make a quip about another lost cousin, but at that moment a footman presumably named Cecil came skidding down the hall.The portrait, Wyndham bit off. Of my uncle.The one we just brought up to Yes. In the drawing room. Now Even Jacks eyes widened at the furious susceptibility in his voice.And then it was like acid in his belly he saw Miss Eversleigh lay a hand on the dukes arm.Thomas, she said softly, impress him with her use of his given name, please allow me to explain.Did you know about this? Wyndham demanded.Yes, but Last night, he said icily. Did you know last night?Last night?I did, but Thomas What happened last night?Enough, he spat. Into the drawing room. All of you.Jack followed the duke, and then, once the door was shut behind them, held up his hands. Dyou think you might? he asked. Rather conversationally, if he did say so himself.For the love of Christ, Wyndham muttered. He grabbed something from a writing table near the wall and then returned. With one angry swipe, he cut through the bindings with a gold letter opener.Jack looked down to make sure he wasnt bleeding. Well done, he murmured. Not even a scratch.Thomas, Miss Eversleigh was saying, I really think you ought to let me declare with you for a moment before Before what? Wyndham snapped, turning on her with what Jack deemed rather unbecoming fury.Before I am informed of another long-lost cousin whose head may or may not be treasured by the Crown?Not by th e Crown, I think, Jack said mildly. He had his reputation to think of, after all. But surely a some magistrates. And a vicar or cardinal. He turned to the dowager. Highway robbery is not generally considered the most secure of all possible occupations.His levity was appreciated by no one, not even poor Miss Eversleigh, who had managed to incur the fury of both Wyndhams. Rather undeservedly, too, in his opinion. He hated bullies.Thomas, Miss Eversleigh implored, her tone once again causing Jack to wonder just what, precisely, existed between those two. Your grace, she corrected, with a nervous glance over at the dowager,there is something you lack to know.Indeed, Wyndham bit off. The identities of my true friends and confidantes, for one thing.Miss Eversleigh flinched as if struck, and at that moment Jack decided that hed had quite enough. I suggest, he said, his voice light but steady, that you speak to Miss Eversleigh with great respect.The duke turned to him, his eyes as stun ned as the silence that descended over the room. I beg your pardon.Jack hated him in that moment, every prideful minuscular aristocratic speck of him. Not used to being spoken to like a man, are we? he taunted.The air went electric, and Jack knew he probably should have foreseen what would come next, but the dukes face had positively twisted into fury, and Jack somehow could not seem to move as Wyndham launched himself forward, his hands wrapping themselves around his throat as the both of them went crashing down to the carpet.Cursing himself for a fool, Jack tried to get traction as the dukes fist slammed into his jaw. Pure animalistic survival stack in, and he tensed his belly into a hard knot. With one lightning-quick movement he threw his torso forward, using his head as a weapon. There was a satisfying crack as he struck Wyndhams jaw, and Jack took advantage of his stunned state to roll them over and reverse their positions.Dontyou. ever strike me again, Jack growled. Hed fou ght in gutters, on battlefields, for his country and for his life, and hed never had patience for men who threw the first punch.He took an elbow in the belly and was about to return the favor with a knee to the groin when Miss Eversleigh leapt into the fray, wedging herself between the two men with nary a thought to propriety or her own safety.Stop it Both of youJack managed to nudge Wyndhams upper arm just in time to stop his fist from reaching her cheek. It would have been an accident, of course, but then hed have had to kill him, and that would have been a hanging offense.You should be ashamed of yourself, Miss Eversleigh scolded, looking straight at the duke.He merely raised a brow and said, You might want to remove yourself from my, er He looked down at his midsection, upon which she was now seated.Oh She jumped up, and Jack would have defended her honor except that he had to admit hed have said the equal thing were he seated under her. Not to mention that she was still holdin g his arm.Tend to my wounds? he asked, making his eyes big and green and feature with the worlds most effective expression of seduction. Which was, of course, I need you. I need you and if you would only care for me I will forswear all other women and wither at your feet and quite possibly become filthy rich and if youd like even royal all in one dreamy swoop.It never failed.Except, apparently, now. You have no wounds, she snapped, thrusting him away. She looked over at Wyndham, who had risen to his feet beside her. And neither do you.Jack was about to make a comment about the milk of gentlemans gentleman kindness, but just then the dowager stepped forward and smacked her grandson that would be the grandson of whose lineage they were quite certain in the shoulder.Apologize at once she snapped. He is a invitee in our house.A guest. Jack was touched.My house, the duke snapped back.Jack watched the old lady with interest. She wouldnt take well to that.He is your first cousin, she said tightly. One would think, given the lack of close relations in our family, that you would be eager to welcome him into the fold.Oh, right. The duke was just brimming with joy. Would individual, Wyndham bit off, do me the service of explaining just how this man has come to be in my drawing room?Jack waited for someone to offer an explanation, and then, when none was onwardcoming, offered his own version. She kidnapped me, he said with shrug, motioning toward the dowager.Wyndham turned slowly to his grandmother. You kidnapped him, he said, his voice flat and strangely devoid of disbelief.Indeed, she replied, her chin butting up in the air. And I would do it again.Its true, Miss Eversleigh said. And then she delighted him by turning in his direction and saying, Im sorry.Accepted, of course, Jack said graciously.The duke, however, was not amused. To the extent that poor Miss Eversleigh felt the need to defend her actions with, She kidnapped himWyndham ignored her. Jack was reall y starting to dislike him.And forced me to take part, Miss Eversleigh muttered. She, on the other hand, was quickly becoming one of his favorite people.I recognized him last night, the dowager announced.Wyndham looked at her disbelievingly. In the dark?Under his mask, she answered with pride. He is the very image of his incur. His voice, his laugh, every bit of it.Jack hadnt thought this a particularly convincing argument himself, so he was curious to see how the duke responded.Grandmother, he said, with what Jack had to allow was remarkable patience, I understand that you still mourn your son Your uncle, she cut in.My uncle. He sportyed his throat. But it has been thirty years since his death.Twenty-nine, she corrected sharply.It has been a long time, Wyndham said. Memories fade.Not mine, she replied haughtily, and certainly not the ones I have of John. Your father I have been more than pleased to forget entirely In that we are agreed, Wyndham interrupted, leaving Jack to wonde r at that story. And then, looking as if he very much still wished to strangle someone (Jack would have put his gold on the dowager, since hed already had the pleasure), Wyndham turned and bellowed, CecilYour grace came a voice from the hall. Jack watched as two footmen struggled to bring a massive painting around the quoin and into the room.Set it down anywhere, the duke ordered.With a bit of grunting and one precarious moment during which it seemed the painting would topple what was, to Jacks eye, an extremely expensive Chinese vase, the footmen managed to find a clear spot and set the painting down on the floor, leaning it gently against the wall.Jack stepped forward. They all stepped forward. And Miss Eversleigh was the first to say it.Oh my God.It was him. Of course it wasnt him, because it was John Cavendish, who had perished near three decades earlier, but by God, it looked exactly like the man standing next to her.Graces eyes grew so wide they hurt, and she looked back an d forth and back and forth and I see no one is disagreeing with me now, the dowager said smugly.Thomas turned to Mr. Audley as if hed seen a ghost. Who are you? he whispered.But even Mr. Audley was without words. He was just staring at the portrait, staring and staring and staring, his face white, his lips parted, his entire body slack.Grace held her breath. Eventually hed find his voice, and when he did, surely hed tell them all what hed told her the night before.My name isnt Cavendish.But it once was.My name, Mr. Audley stammered, my given name He paused, swallowed convulsively, and his voice shook as he said, My full name is John Rollo Cavendish-Audley.Who were your parents? Thomas whispered.Mr. Audley Mr. Cavendish-Audley didnt answer.Who was your father? Thomass voice was louder this time, more insistent.Who the bloody hell do you think he was? Mr. Audley snapped.Graces heart pounded. She looked at Thomas. He was pale and his hands were shaking, and she felt like such(prenomi nal) a traitor. She could have told him. She could have warned him.She had been a coward.Your parents, Thomas said, his voice low. Were they married?What is your implication? Mr. Audley demanded, and for a moment Grace feared that they would come to blows again. Mr. Audley brought to mind a caged beast, poked and prodded until he could stand it no more.Please, she pleaded, jumping between them yet again. He doesnt know, she said. Mr. Audley couldnt know what it meant if he was indeed legitimate. But Thomas did, and hed gone so still that Grace thought he might shatter. She looked at him, and at his grandmother. Someone needs to explain to Mr. Audley Cavendish, the dowager snapped.Mr. Cavendish-Audley, Grace said quickly, because she did not know how to style him without offending someone in the room. Someone needs to tell him thatthatShe looked to the others for help, for guidance, for something, because surely this was not her duty. She was the only one of them there not of Cavend ish blood. Why did she have to make all of the explanations?She looked at Mr. Audley, trying not to see the portrait in his face, and said, Your father the man in the painting, that is assuming he is your father he was his graces fathers elder brother.No one said anything.Grace cleared her throat. So, ifif your parents were indeed lawfully married They were, Mr. Audley all but snapped.Yes, of course. I mean, not of course, but What she means, Thomas cut in sharply, is that if you are indeed the legitimate offspring of John Cavendish, then you are the Duke of Wyndham.And there it was. The truth. Or if not the truth, then the possibility of the truth, and no one, not even the dowager, knew what to say. The two men the two dukes, Grace thought with a hysterical bubble of laughter simply stared at each other, taking each others measure, and then lastly Mr. Audleys hand seemed to reach out. It shook, quivered like the dowagers when she was attempting to find purchase, and then fin ally, when it settled on the back of a chair, his fingers grasped tightly. With legs that were clearly unsteady, Mr. Audley sat down.No, he said. No.You will remain here, the dowager directed, until this matter can be settled to my satisfaction.No, Mr. Audley said with considerably more conviction. I will not.Oh, yes, you will, she responded. If you do not, I will turn you in to the political science as the thief you are.You wouldnt do that, Grace blurted out. She turned to Mr. Audley. She would never do that. Not if she believes that you are her grandson.Shut up the dowager growled. I dont know what you think you are doing, Miss Eversleigh, but you are not family, and you have no place in this room.Mr. Audley stood. His bearing was sharp, and proud, and for the first time Grace saw within him the army man hed said he once was. When he spoke, his words were measured and clipped, completely unlike the lazy drawl she had come to expect from him.Do not speak to her in that manner ever again.Something inside of her melted. Thomas had defended her against his grandmother before indeed, hed long been her champion. But not like this. He valued her friendship, she knew that he did. But thisthis was different. She didnt hear the words.She felt them.And as she watched Mr. Audleys face, her eyes slid to his mouth. It came back to herthe touch of his lips, his kiss, his breath, and the bittersweet shock when he was through, because she hadnt wanted itand then she hadnt wanted it to end.There was perfect silence, stillness even, save for the widening of the dowagers eyes. And then, just when Grace realized that her hands had begun to tremble, the dowager bit off, I am your grandmother.That, Mr. Audley replied, remains to be determined.Graces lips parted with surprise, because no one could doubt his parentage, not with the proof propped up against the drawing room wall.What? Thomas burst out. Are you now trying to tell me that you dont think you are the son of John Cavendi sh?Mr. Audley shrugged, and in an instant the steely determination in his eyes was gone. He was a highwayman rogue again, devil-may-care and completely without responsibility. Frankly, he said, Im not so certain I wish to gain entry into this charming little club of yours.You dont have a choice, the dowager said.So loving, Mr. Audley said with sigh. So thoughtful. Truly, a grandmother for the ages.Grace clamped a hand over her mouth, but her choked laughter came through nonetheless. It was so inappropriatein so many waysbut it was impossible to keep it in. The dowagers face had gone purple, her lips pinched until the lines of anger drew up to her nose. Not even Thomas had ever provoked such a reaction, and heaven knew, he had tried.She looked over at him. Of everyone in the room, surely he was the one with the most at stake. He looked exhausted. And bewildered. And furious, and amazingly, about to laugh. Your grace, she said hesitantly. She didnt know what she wanted to say to him. There probably wasnt anything to say, but the silence was just awful.He ignored her, but she knew hed heard, because his body stiffened even more, then shuddered when he let out a breath. And then the dowager oh why would she never learn to leave well enough alone? bit off his name as if she were summoning a dog.Shut up, he snapped back.Grace wanted to reach out to him. Thomas was her friend, but he was and he always had been so far preceding(prenominal) her. And now she was standing here, hating herself because she could not stop thinking about the other man in the room, the one who might very well steal Thomass very identity.And so she did nothing. And hated herself even more for it.You should remain, Thomas said to Mr. Audley. We will need Grace held her breath as Thomas cleared his throat.We will need to get this sorted out.They all waited for Mr. Audleys response. He seemed to be assessing Thomas, taking his measure.Grace prayed he would realize just how difficult it must have been for Thomas to speak to him with such civility. Surely he would respond in kind. She wanted him so badly to be a good person. Hed kissed her.Hed defended her. Was it too much to hope that he was, underneath it all, a white knight?

Drinking and Driving: Underage, Military & Binge Drinking

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 UNDERAGE DRINKING 5 MILITARY UNDERGE DRINKING.. 7 BINGE DRINKING. 8 CONCLUSION. 11 RECOMMENDATIONS/SOLUTIONS. 11 MILITARY WINGMAN CONCEPT.. 13 ENFORCING THE LAW. 15 WORKS CITED 17 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSReported imbibition Patterns Among Students. 6 Table 1 Binge Drinking Prevalence, Frequency, and Intensity 10 Michael J. Green Professor Paul Rosenberg Writing for Man historic periodrs 2 March 2013 Drinking and madcap Underage, phalanx and Binge Drinking We both know one of the worst decisions we fanny make as responsible drivers is to get tail the wheel subsequently a night out on the t protest where we may take over had a few too many inebriantic beverages. We may not sluice be in a condition to make a rational judgment, let alone operate a vehicle.Underage Drinking We all know that minor imbibing is when anyone under the legal drinking age of 21 drinks alcoholic drink. Many teens face adult problems at a very young age. Underage drink ing is a major problem among teens today. In today society, kids are being pressured into doing things at a very young age. Problem many parents are face up in their own life are also posing as problems on their kids. Aside from being illegal, underage drinking stub bring rough public health problems.According to the National represent on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism underage drinking risks include Death 5,000 people under the age of 21 die each year from alcohol-related car crashes, homicides, suicides, alcohol poisoning, and other injuries such as falls, burn, and drowning. (NIAAA) We are not only talking virtually deaths as well as serious injuries, impaired judgment, plusd risk for physical and sexual assault and brain development problems. (NIAAA). As you can see thither are serious risks tortuous with underage drinking.Compare and Contrast Driving in the Winter and Driving in the SummerHow can you recognize the signs of underage drinking? here(predicate) are slightl y signs that can help you recognize underage drinking. Weve all probably seen some of these admonition signs at one point in our life. barely how much attention did you really give them. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism here are some warning signs that can help you recognize underage drinking. Has thither been a change in their academic grades or any behavioral problems at school? Has there been a change in who they hang out with?Have they appeared to be slight interested in their favorite activity or sporting proceeds? Do they not want to be seen in public or make an appearance at a family function? Can you smell alcohol on their breath or have you found empty or full alcoholic beverages on them or in their room? Do they have slurred speech or muscle coordination problems, such as walking in a straight line? (NIAAA) Again these are just some of the warning signs that can help your recognize that your teenager maybe drinking alcohol.As you can see from the below chart theres a postgraduate percentage of 12th graders, 42% to be exact, that have had an alcoholic beverage in the past month. If you add up all three grades you get a total of 81% of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders that have drank in the past month. I find this to be an alarming rate and we have to do something to decrease these numbers. (L. Johnston) Military Underage Drinking We all know that you only have to be 18 to enter the military or 17 with your parents permission.So we can serve our country and die for this country and we cant have an alcoholic drink, legally, until we are 21. Underage drinking in the military is zip fastener untested. I re division when I first came in the Air Force, even though the legal age to drink was 21, nobody really said or did anything about underage drinking. Man how prison terms have changed Military members between the ages of 18 and 25 tend to be heavy drinkers, to a greater extent so than their noncombatant peers. (Rhem ) Im not surprised or really alarmed by this but did you know that 21% of military members admit to heavily drinking.What I am alarmed by though is this statistic hasnt been lowered in 20 years. Alcohol abuse costs the Department of Defense over $600 million a year to either treat members or account for lost time at work. The Department of Defense has decided to take a in the buff approach to lower these statistics. According to LtCol Wayne Talcott senior officials like a new approach to preventive maintenance You maintain a jet engine so it doesnt fall out of the sky. We convey to begin to look at where there are risks to the human weapon system and how we can build a system that protects our people. (Rhem) The military usually waits boulder clay there is a problem with alcohol abuse before doing anything about it. However, recently we have seen an increase in developing new programs or procedures to educate our military members about the severity of alcohol related problems. W e just want to get the unspoilt message to the right people about making better decisions about their drinking behavior. Under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, Article 111 Drunken or reckless trading operations of a vehicle, aircraft, or vessel. General, Manual for Courts-Martial United conjure ups) As you can see, the military has its own set of rules that members have to follow. Even though the military laws are sympathetic in nature to civilian laws we are held to a higher standard. Some tools that commanders can use to manage alcohol abusers are groove of Duty inclination Actions involving security clearance, access to classified information or access to restricted areas Duty assignment review to determine if the member should continue in latest duties Unfavorable teaching File or control roster actions based on alcohol related isconduct or substandard duty performance separation under the Uniform Code of Military Justice for document failure to meet standards and Administrative demotion, withholding of promotion and denial of reenlistment. (General, The Military air force officer and the Law) Line of Duty determination is used to determine if the illness, injury, or disease existed prior to service (EPTS) and if the EPTS condition was aggravated by military service.It is used to determine whether or not the illness, injury, or disease, or death occurred while the member was absent from duty and whether or not the illness, injury, disease or death was due to the members own misconduct. Once the findings are revealed from the Line of Duty investigation, it may impact the following areas You may not be eligible for disability hideaway and/or severance pay you may not be entitled to pay and includeances your current enlistment could be extended to include any engine block of time that you were unable to perform your duties you could be denied your veteran benefits or medical benefits.If the line of duty investigation finds you guilty you cou ld lose out on more than than you thought. (General, The Military Commander and the Law) As you can see, Commanders have several tools at their disposal to prevent or correct alcohol related incidents. But that doesnt mean they can prevent all of them. Binge Drinking Binge drinking is the nearly common pattern of excessive alcohol use in the United press outs. The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism defines turn drinking as a pattern of drinking that brings a persons blood alcohol concentration to . 08 grams percent or above.This typically happens when men consume 5 or more drinks, and when women consume 4 or more drinks, in about 2 hours. (Alcoholism) According to national surveys One in six U. S. adults binge drinks about four times a month, consuming about eight drinks per binge While binge drinking is more common among young adults aged 18-34 years, binge drinkers aged 65 years and older key out binge drinking more often an average of five to six times a mon th Binge drinking is more common among those with rest home incomes of $75,000 or more than among those with lower incomes Approximately 92% of U.S. adults who drink excessively report binge drinking in the past 30 days Although college students commonly binge drink, 70% of binge drinking episodes involve adults age 26 years and older The item of binge drinking among men is twice the occurrence among women Binge drinkers are 14 times more likely to report alcohol-impaired driving than non-binge drinkers About 90% of the alcohol consumed by youth under the age of 21 in the United States is in the form of binge drinks and more than half of the alcohol consumed by adults in the United States is in the form of binge drinks. CDC) Frequent binge drinkers can have the most serious health problems. These people are seven to sixteen times more likely, than non-binge drinkers to have confounded classes, gotten behind in their school work, engaged in unplanned sexual activity, and not used protection during sexual intercourse, had run-ins with police, damage property, and been injured or hurt. (CDC) As you can see from the above chart binge drinking happens in all age groups, race and ethnicity groups, educational levels, and in all income levels.Conclusion Ive talked about several problems that are related to underage, military and binge drinking and driving. Why I talked about all three of these types is that they intertwine with one another. some if not all of us had a drink before we were 21, I know I did. Does that make it right for the next generation to continue to do so? Whos to say We have come a wide way since I was under 21 and we still have a long ship canal to go. I dont think we will ever completely get rid of underage, military or binge drinking and driving.Its outlet to happen But we can make some recommendations or solutions to educate our kids. Recommendations/Solutions In my opinion there is no right way or wrong way about reducing underage, mil itary or binge drinking and driving. Each state and/or city may have their own way of trying to reduce drinking and driving. But here are some examples of what is being proposed and done in the Cheyenne, Wyoming area on Military bases and on College campuses throughout the state.How can we improve the educational processes to educate our youth about the dangers of alcohol? What we do know is that educational programs that only take into account information or that focuses on self-esteem or resisting peer pressure havent been effective. The Wyoming youth group is proposing a more aggressive approach. Instead of waiting till community colleges and Universities are experiencing binge drinking problems we need to start at the grade school and high school levels. (Group)Here is a detailed list of what the State of Wyoming is recommending at all educational levels Developing school cultures that promote measure and preventative policies Increase state and local funding for prevention e ducation in schools and colleges work with senior administrators to understand what must be done to reduce underage drinking make sure colleges and universities adhere to policy enforcement and changes ensure unceasing development and consistent communication with statewide colleges and universities proper certification for employees serving alcoholic beverages encourage youth involvement for positive change. Group) Here is what the State of Wyoming is recommending at kindergarten through twelfth grade See what programs have shown success and share them with other Wyoming schools. Provide education to school employees on how to identify underage drinking and how to handle the situation. Educate youth in making healthy, safe and lawful lifestyle decisions. Have alcohol-free events and activities. You can even go as far as doing random sobriety checks before people leave the event or activity.Educate the youth about the dangers of underage drinking to include brain damage, addictive disorders and legal consequences that can arise from alcohol abuse. Talk with them about how alcohol can impair their performance standards in and out of the classroom. Provide education to both the kids and to the parents. Parents need to be able to communicate effectively with their children. Help them acquire necessary skills regarding advertising and promotion of alcohol. Establish support groups for kids when there is drinking in the home.Ask for feedback and/or surveys this will enable all parties to see what is and what isnt working. (Group) For higher education the State of Wyoming is recommending the following programs Utilize the best programs found by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. This will help you in developing your own local college programs. The plans should include but are not limited to screening and intervention strategies encouraging alcohol free events or activities limit alcohol related advertisement on campuses enforcing campus policie s and state and local laws continuous research and program evaluation.Support efforts by colleges and Universities to reduce alcohol use ask for support and help from senior leadership on college campuses to increase awareness of high-risk alcohol related activities increase education to first year students, athletes and organizations that promote alcohol related activities educate your staff, parents, and even alumni and warning signs of alcohol abuse provide referral information and updates on policies and procedures provide an anonymous student survey to see if the educational programs are working and underage drinking is decreasing.Now that we have the schools accounted for what about educating our parents. (Group) Here are some things you can do to ensure you provide the necessary education to their parents. Parents are the first line of defense at times and need to intervene when they see a problem. What can we do for the parents? Establish peer groups social media is a great source to reach out to for assistance and guidance. Provide presentations by parents from parents that have lived through a death or alcohol related incident. Who is held liable for providing alcohol to minors? Provide effective ways for parents to talk to their children about alcohol abuse.Provide pamphlets to parents so they can identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse. Educate the parents on how to host an alcohol free house party for their kid. (Group) These are some of the educational needs that the State of Wyoming is implementing or has implemented throughout the state. As you can see they are not just relying on the schools to intervene. They are making sure parents are involved and how to identify any signs or symptoms their child may be showing from alcohol abuse. I feel that these educational needs can be advantageously implemented within each and every state. Military Wingman ConceptThe term Wingman stems from a time-honored tradition within our Air Force flyin g community that essentially says a lead pilot will never lose his/her Wingman. Its a promise, a pledge, a commitment between Airmen who fly. The Air Force has cultivate and instilled this same culture of commitment between all Airmen and Air Force civilians in all career fields and specialties via the Wingman program. Being a Wingman isnt flabby, but all Airmen at all levels of command have a role as Wingmen. How can you transfer this ability of being a wingman from military time honored tradition to a non-military environment?You would think this would be easy, but some people dont recognize the concept. Im going to use a sports analogy to help explain the Wingman concept. Lets say we have a highly skilled professional football team. Holes in the line open up an instant before the running back reaches them at full speed, allowing him to achieve a big gain. Pass receivers run alter pass routes, turning back to look at the quarterback after the ball is already airborne on its wa y to them. Simultaneously, offensive linemen keep antiaircraft players from reaching the quarterback just long enough for him to get the pass offand not a moment longer.Meanwhile, the quarterback, without even looking at or coordinating with his blockers, knows just how long he can hold the ball before he has to get rid of it. And the timing of all this is compressed into less than four seconds. (Dettmer) As you can see, the wingman concept can be carried over to non-military business situations. But we seldom see this in businesses. Businesses are still comprised of unwashed activities that at times require a team effort to complete a project or task. Some of it may be due to the particular at the end of the day you get to go home and you dont have to rely on them to save your life.The Wingman concept is simple and easy to implement into your work area, no matter where you work. To be a good Wingman all you have to do is take care of yourself and those around you. Some ways you could do this is when you are out with your buddies and theyve had a littler too much to drink, you step up and tell them theyve had enough. You dont let your wingman get behind the wheel of a car after theyve had anything to drink. Its not about being their friend its about saving their life or soulfulness elses life. In the end it comes down to making the Wingman concept a way of life, and not just a slogan.Enforcing the Law How can you control drunk driving? It requires four board strategies Deterrence Treatment Information and education and legal community. Im going to provide solutions on how we can implement all four and decrease or control drunk driving. What is deterrence and how can that control drunk driving? Deterrence is simple However, it may not be all that simple to pass new laws that prohibit drunk driving. Deterrence is also enforcing existing laws and holding those that broke the law accountable. Its basically like, prominent fear into them if they do decide to drink and drive.A good example of this is the zero tolerance law. Not all states have this but some do. Its a law that applies to anyone under the age of 21 that gets caught for drinking and driving. How embarrassed would you be if you got caught for drinking and driving and lost your driver licenses? If you were still in high school, most likely the whole school would know about it. This alone could be a deterrent for some, but maybe not for all. (Hedlund and McCartt) Treatment is about getting the help you need when you need it. Alcohol is a drug and if left untreated can cause serious damage to your health and to others around you.However, interposition sometimes only happens once you have been arrested or caught. The most difficult thing is to self-identify and get the help you need before its too late. ever-changing individuals behavior is not easy. However, if you can assess all offenders equally and then assign them a treatment program that is appropriate for their needs . (Hedlund and McCartt) Information and education by itself doesnt decrease drinking and driving and has little or no effect on reducing it either. However, combined with deterrence and prevention programs it goes a long way.Educating the public on drinking and driving laws has proven very effective in reducing drinking and driving. For example those states that have postal code Tolerance laws in place 85% of drivers were not aware that the blood alcohol content for minors was different than for those that are over 21. With a little information and education in those states they reduced drinking and driving crashes by 30%. It has been proven that a little education can go a long ways. (Hedlund and McCartt) With prevention we have control over a few things. We can enforce the policies that are in place or create new one laws.We have already established the legal age to drink alcohol is 21. By increasing the legal age from 18 to 21 this was an attempt to reduce underage drinking. We c an regulate the places and time when you can purchase alcohol. You have to have a liquor license to sale or distribute alcoholic beverages. Some states also regulate on the day and time you can purchase alcohol. For example some states dont allow you to purchase alcohol on Sunday before noon or not at all, and most states dont allow the sale of alcohol after 2 a. m. We can also regulate the taxes on alcoholic beverages.For example the amount of taxes for alcoholic beverages in the State of Wyoming hasnt increased since 1935. (Group) Prevention programs can make a difference, but even small measures are better than nothing at all. Programs like training bartenders or servers to know when they should stop serving to the customer have proved beneficial. In the end though, the best strategy for progress is through improved deterrence, with assistance from the other three strategies. whole shebang Cited Alcoholism, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and. NIAAA council approves definiti on of binge drinking. NIAAA Newsletter (2004) 3. CDC. Vital signs binge drinking prevalence, frequency, and intensity among adults U. S. 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Weekly Report (2012 61 (1)) 9-14. Dettmer, William. The Wingman Concept. 2006. The Wingman Concept. 2 Mar 2013. General, Judge Advocate. Manual for Courts-Martial United States. General, Judge Advocate. Manual for Courts-Martial United States. Maxwell AFB The Judge Advocate General School, 2012. IV51 IV53. General, Judge Advocate. The Military Commander and the Law. General, Judge Advocate. The Military Commander and the Law.Maxwell AFB The Judge Advocate General School, 2012. 215-223. Group, Cody Youth. Wyoming Cares. Jan 2012. http//www. wyocare. org/items/get_pdf/1416%20%20problems%20and%20solution%20document. 2 Mar 2013. Hedlund, James H. and Anne T. McCartt. Drunk Driving Seeking Additional Solutions. commerce Safety. Washington D. C. Preusser Research Group, Inc, 2002. L. Johnston. Centruy Council. Dec 2012. C entery Council. 2 March 2013. NIAAA. National Institute on Alchohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 2013. 2 March 2013. Rhem, SSgt Kathleen T. Alcohol Abuse Costs defense mechanism Dearly. U. S. Military (2000) 1.